ISSN 1000-0526
CN 11-2282/P
CN 11-2282/P
Volume 51,2025 Issue 3
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- The Future Projections of Extreme Weather, Climate and Water Events and Strategic Responses
- A Review of Downburst Genesis Mechanism and Warning
- The Pattern Structure and Thermodynamic and Dynamic Processes of Severe Storms Associated with Linear Convective Gales
- Analysis on Extremity and Characteristics of the “21·7” Severe Torrential Rain in Henan Province
- Diagnostic Analysis on Water Vapor and Jet Characteristics of the July 2021 Severe Torrential Rain in Henan Province
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CHAO Qingchen, QIU Zongxu, FENG Aiqing, HAN Zhenyu, YANG Honglong, HAN Qinmei, LIU Yuan, WANG Qiuling, QIN Yun, WANG Yang
2025,51(3):257-268, DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2024.122201
Abstract:
Under the global climate change, climate risks in cities have become a focal point of academic research and policy-making. This study analyzes the historical climate evolution, future trends, and risks in key domains by the case study on Shenzhen City. The findings indicate that Shenzhen has experienced rapid rise in temperature, significant interannual variability in precipitation, and a general decline in wind speed from 1953 to 2023. The extreme changes of major meteorological disasters such as high temperature, extreme precipitation and typhoons are obvious, and will be further intensified in the future. Thus, urban climate risks are projected to become more complex. Climate change is very likely to affect ecosystem, water resources, human health, energy load and infrastructure in Shenzhen, and that would be more negative than positive impact overall. Droughts and floods will significantly affect vegetation growth. The runoff in the western Pearl River Basin will decrease and exacerbate water resource management challenges. Heatwaves is in all likelihood to pose substantial health risks, particularly in the densely-populated western urban areas. Rising temperature and humidity levels can drive up residential electricity demands, and increase the pressure on the energy supply system. Meanwhile, the city’s drainage system will face much greater flood risks as extreme precipitation events test the resilience of urban infrastructure. Additionally, the cascading effects of extreme climate events across multiple systems may amplify socio-economic losses. To effectively mitigate extreme climate events and reduce the adverse impacts of climate change in the future, early warning systems are recognized as a critical adaptation measure. Shenzhen has developed a relatively advanced response framework, significantly enhancing meteorological monitoring, risk assessment, and emergency response capabilities. The climate risk assessment of Shenzhen and its response model are of great significance to the response to climate change in megacities in China. Therefore, strengthening the nationwide climate risk assessment, institutionalizing disaster surveys and hazard identification, and improving cross-sectoral collaboration in early warning systems are recommended to comprehensively enhance the climate resilience of cities.
Under the global climate change, climate risks in cities have become a focal point of academic research and policy-making. This study analyzes the historical climate evolution, future trends, and risks in key domains by the case study on Shenzhen City. The findings indicate that Shenzhen has experienced rapid rise in temperature, significant interannual variability in precipitation, and a general decline in wind speed from 1953 to 2023. The extreme changes of major meteorological disasters such as high temperature, extreme precipitation and typhoons are obvious, and will be further intensified in the future. Thus, urban climate risks are projected to become more complex. Climate change is very likely to affect ecosystem, water resources, human health, energy load and infrastructure in Shenzhen, and that would be more negative than positive impact overall. Droughts and floods will significantly affect vegetation growth. The runoff in the western Pearl River Basin will decrease and exacerbate water resource management challenges. Heatwaves is in all likelihood to pose substantial health risks, particularly in the densely-populated western urban areas. Rising temperature and humidity levels can drive up residential electricity demands, and increase the pressure on the energy supply system. Meanwhile, the city’s drainage system will face much greater flood risks as extreme precipitation events test the resilience of urban infrastructure. Additionally, the cascading effects of extreme climate events across multiple systems may amplify socio-economic losses. To effectively mitigate extreme climate events and reduce the adverse impacts of climate change in the future, early warning systems are recognized as a critical adaptation measure. Shenzhen has developed a relatively advanced response framework, significantly enhancing meteorological monitoring, risk assessment, and emergency response capabilities. The climate risk assessment of Shenzhen and its response model are of great significance to the response to climate change in megacities in China. Therefore, strengthening the nationwide climate risk assessment, institutionalizing disaster surveys and hazard identification, and improving cross-sectoral collaboration in early warning systems are recommended to comprehensively enhance the climate resilience of cities.
2025,51(3):269-284, DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2025.011601
Abstract:
Two persistent extreme rainstorms occurred in Sichuan Basin during 10-13 and 14-18 August 2020 resulting in secondary disasters， casualties， and huge economic losses.To deeply understand the development mechanism of extreme rainstorms and the disaster-causing mechanism, using various observations and ERA5 reanalysis data, we comparatively analyze the precipitation characteristics of these two rainstorms, and the development, evolution and trigger mechanism of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) in the heaviest precipitation stage. The results show that the two rainstorm processes both occurred under the circulation background with “two troughs and one ridge” in the middle and high latitudes. They were typical rainstorms accompanied by “east-high-pressure and west-low-pressure” in the basin， and brought precipitation over 250 mm·d-1 (or 100 mm·h-1). The hourly rainfall of the 10-13 August rainstorm exceeded the historical extremes，while that of the 14-18 August rainstorm was equivalent to the historical statistical value. The most intense precipitation stage of the 10-13 August rainstorm was a warm-sector rainstorm， which was caused by a mesoscale convective complex occurrence-development-maturation-weakening process. The radar echo areas ≥40 dBz in this rainstorm were wide and long-lasting. And the echo centroid was low and the intensity was more than 55 dBz. The heaviest precipitation phase of the 14-18 August rainstorm was a mixed precipitation induced by a two α-MCS occurrence-development-merger-weakening process. The radar echo areas ≥40 dBz were narrow and short-lived. The echo centroid was low and the intensity reached 50 dBz. Convection in the 10-13 August rainstorm was produced by horn-mouth terrain flow， windward slop uplift and high temperature gradient zone， and was sustained with strong warm advection at low level， weak cold advection at high level at the same time. The 14-18 August rainstorm convection was triggered by the convergence of the lower troposphere cold， warm currents and the left convergence of the low-altitude jet stream in the warm zone. The shear formed by the intersection of the cold and warm currents led to the persistence of the precipitation.
Two persistent extreme rainstorms occurred in Sichuan Basin during 10-13 and 14-18 August 2020 resulting in secondary disasters， casualties， and huge economic losses.To deeply understand the development mechanism of extreme rainstorms and the disaster-causing mechanism, using various observations and ERA5 reanalysis data, we comparatively analyze the precipitation characteristics of these two rainstorms, and the development, evolution and trigger mechanism of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) in the heaviest precipitation stage. The results show that the two rainstorm processes both occurred under the circulation background with “two troughs and one ridge” in the middle and high latitudes. They were typical rainstorms accompanied by “east-high-pressure and west-low-pressure” in the basin， and brought precipitation over 250 mm·d-1 (or 100 mm·h-1). The hourly rainfall of the 10-13 August rainstorm exceeded the historical extremes，while that of the 14-18 August rainstorm was equivalent to the historical statistical value. The most intense precipitation stage of the 10-13 August rainstorm was a warm-sector rainstorm， which was caused by a mesoscale convective complex occurrence-development-maturation-weakening process. The radar echo areas ≥40 dBz in this rainstorm were wide and long-lasting. And the echo centroid was low and the intensity was more than 55 dBz. The heaviest precipitation phase of the 14-18 August rainstorm was a mixed precipitation induced by a two α-MCS occurrence-development-merger-weakening process. The radar echo areas ≥40 dBz were narrow and short-lived. The echo centroid was low and the intensity reached 50 dBz. Convection in the 10-13 August rainstorm was produced by horn-mouth terrain flow， windward slop uplift and high temperature gradient zone， and was sustained with strong warm advection at low level， weak cold advection at high level at the same time. The 14-18 August rainstorm convection was triggered by the convergence of the lower troposphere cold， warm currents and the left convergence of the low-altitude jet stream in the warm zone. The shear formed by the intersection of the cold and warm currents led to the persistence of the precipitation.
2025,51(3):285-297, DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2024.121201
Abstract:
Backward tracking and quantitative analysis of water vapor transport at different altitudes during rainstorms on the eastern, western, and east-west feet of Helan Mountains from 2001 to 2019 are conducted by the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model (HYSPLIT), based on hourly precipitation observations and GDAS reanalysis data with a spatial resolution of 1.0°×1.0° and a temporal resolution of 6 hours. It is found that significant differences exist in water vapor transport patterns at different altitudes during rainstorms across different regions of Helan Mountains. At the eastern foot, the southerly path is identified as the primary transport route below 3000 m, with a water vapor contribution rate of 57.3% to 75.2%. The contribution of the westerly path is observed to increase with altitude, reaching 100% at the 5000 m height. At the western foot, the westerly path is found to be the dominant transport route, with a water vapor contribution rate ranging from 31.8% to 67.5%. The southerly path is the secondary, with the contribution rate ranging from 23.8% to 68.2%, while the northerly path appears only at the heights of 100 m and 1000 m, contributing 28.9% to 39.4%. In the east-west foot region, the westerly path is determined to contribute 100% of the water vapor at all altitudes. The Eurasian westerlies are identified as the predominant source of water vapor, particularly during rainstorms in the east-west foot region, where the water vapor contribution is the highest at all altitudes except at the 1000 m height. Secondary water vapor sources include the Qinghai and Gansu regions, the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River, and the waters of the Black Sea, Caspian Sea, Lake Balkhash, and Lake Baikal, which are found to supply moisture to rainstorms at the east-west, eastern, and western feet, respectively. The Hengduan Mountains are identified as contributing moisture at isolated altitudes during rainstorms at the eastern and western feet, and its contribution was minimal.
Backward tracking and quantitative analysis of water vapor transport at different altitudes during rainstorms on the eastern, western, and east-west feet of Helan Mountains from 2001 to 2019 are conducted by the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model (HYSPLIT), based on hourly precipitation observations and GDAS reanalysis data with a spatial resolution of 1.0°×1.0° and a temporal resolution of 6 hours. It is found that significant differences exist in water vapor transport patterns at different altitudes during rainstorms across different regions of Helan Mountains. At the eastern foot, the southerly path is identified as the primary transport route below 3000 m, with a water vapor contribution rate of 57.3% to 75.2%. The contribution of the westerly path is observed to increase with altitude, reaching 100% at the 5000 m height. At the western foot, the westerly path is found to be the dominant transport route, with a water vapor contribution rate ranging from 31.8% to 67.5%. The southerly path is the secondary, with the contribution rate ranging from 23.8% to 68.2%, while the northerly path appears only at the heights of 100 m and 1000 m, contributing 28.9% to 39.4%. In the east-west foot region, the westerly path is determined to contribute 100% of the water vapor at all altitudes. The Eurasian westerlies are identified as the predominant source of water vapor, particularly during rainstorms in the east-west foot region, where the water vapor contribution is the highest at all altitudes except at the 1000 m height. Secondary water vapor sources include the Qinghai and Gansu regions, the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River, and the waters of the Black Sea, Caspian Sea, Lake Balkhash, and Lake Baikal, which are found to supply moisture to rainstorms at the east-west, eastern, and western feet, respectively. The Hengduan Mountains are identified as contributing moisture at isolated altitudes during rainstorms at the eastern and western feet, and its contribution was minimal.
2025,51(3):298-312, DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2024.121901
Abstract:
Eight different cloud microphysical schemes in the WRF model are used to simulate the precipitation process caused by a squall line in Hainan Island on 22 April 2020, and the effects of different cloud microphysical schemes on the simulation of the Hainan Island squall line are comparatively analyzed. The results show that different cloud microphysical schemes have significant differences in simulating the surface precipitation, radar composite reflectivity, thermodynamic and dynamic fields. Among them, the precipitation area and center intensity simulated by Thompson scheme are most close to the actual observations, and the radar composite reflectivity in intensity, range and pattern simulated by WSM6 scheme at the time of heaviest precipitation is similar to the actual observations. In the thermodynamic and dynamic fields, the characteristics of squall line such as surface cold pool, low-level vertical wind shear and cold pool outflow can be simulated by all schemes, and the precipitation center corresponds to the strong updraft zone. The divergence structure of low-level convergence and high-level divergence is conducive to the occurrence of severe convection and the formation of precipitation, but there exist differences in the intensity and distribution of precipitation. According to the cloud microphysical characteristics, the liquid-phase particles are mainly distributed below 5 km, and the ice-phase particales are above 6 km. The simulation results of cloud water show the weakest response to the selection of cloud microphysical schemes, while the distributions of snow and graupel show the high sensitivity. This is because different cloud microphysical schemes have different processing ways for the generation, transformation and consumption of snow and graupel, and the conversion rate of the same microphysical process is also different in different schemes.
Eight different cloud microphysical schemes in the WRF model are used to simulate the precipitation process caused by a squall line in Hainan Island on 22 April 2020, and the effects of different cloud microphysical schemes on the simulation of the Hainan Island squall line are comparatively analyzed. The results show that different cloud microphysical schemes have significant differences in simulating the surface precipitation, radar composite reflectivity, thermodynamic and dynamic fields. Among them, the precipitation area and center intensity simulated by Thompson scheme are most close to the actual observations, and the radar composite reflectivity in intensity, range and pattern simulated by WSM6 scheme at the time of heaviest precipitation is similar to the actual observations. In the thermodynamic and dynamic fields, the characteristics of squall line such as surface cold pool, low-level vertical wind shear and cold pool outflow can be simulated by all schemes, and the precipitation center corresponds to the strong updraft zone. The divergence structure of low-level convergence and high-level divergence is conducive to the occurrence of severe convection and the formation of precipitation, but there exist differences in the intensity and distribution of precipitation. According to the cloud microphysical characteristics, the liquid-phase particles are mainly distributed below 5 km, and the ice-phase particales are above 6 km. The simulation results of cloud water show the weakest response to the selection of cloud microphysical schemes, while the distributions of snow and graupel show the high sensitivity. This is because different cloud microphysical schemes have different processing ways for the generation, transformation and consumption of snow and graupel, and the conversion rate of the same microphysical process is also different in different schemes.
2025,51(3):313-323, DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2024.031405
Abstract:
Based on the observation data of Henan Province during the winter half of the year from 1991 to 2020, the low temperature threshold, the process and duration of cryogenic freezing rain and snow are determined by mathematical statistics, and the meteorological indexes of each station are calculated and classified. The classification results are then subjected to spatio-temporal characteristic statistics and analysis of typical cases. The results show that the mountainous area of western Henan is a high incidence area of cryogenic freezing rain and snow, while the basins of southwestern Henan and northwestern Henan are the low incidence areas. The multi-year average frequency of the cryogenic freezing rain and snow at all sites is in descending trend from light to the heavy grade. The frequency and grade of cryogenic freezing rain and snow are not positively correlated with the latitude level, and extra-heavy events occur even more frequently at low-latitude sites than at high-latitude and mountain sites. In 2001, the number of cryogenic freezing rain and snow sites and frequencies was the most and the intensity was high, while in 2007, the number was the least and the intensity was mild. In 2018, the cryogenic freezing rain and snow was serious. January is the month to have the highest number of cryogenic freezing rain and snow sites and frequencies, followed by February. Temperature and precipitation are the key factors for the cryogenic freezing rain and snow. Low temperature and heavy precipitation are favorable for the occurrence of freezing weather. Temperature is the main factor affecting the frozen grade in the high altitude area while accumulated precipitation is the primary factor determining the frozen grade in the plain area. In addition, the location, intensity and moving speed of the weather system determine the hit area, grade and duration of cryogenic freezing rain and snow.
Based on the observation data of Henan Province during the winter half of the year from 1991 to 2020, the low temperature threshold, the process and duration of cryogenic freezing rain and snow are determined by mathematical statistics, and the meteorological indexes of each station are calculated and classified. The classification results are then subjected to spatio-temporal characteristic statistics and analysis of typical cases. The results show that the mountainous area of western Henan is a high incidence area of cryogenic freezing rain and snow, while the basins of southwestern Henan and northwestern Henan are the low incidence areas. The multi-year average frequency of the cryogenic freezing rain and snow at all sites is in descending trend from light to the heavy grade. The frequency and grade of cryogenic freezing rain and snow are not positively correlated with the latitude level, and extra-heavy events occur even more frequently at low-latitude sites than at high-latitude and mountain sites. In 2001, the number of cryogenic freezing rain and snow sites and frequencies was the most and the intensity was high, while in 2007, the number was the least and the intensity was mild. In 2018, the cryogenic freezing rain and snow was serious. January is the month to have the highest number of cryogenic freezing rain and snow sites and frequencies, followed by February. Temperature and precipitation are the key factors for the cryogenic freezing rain and snow. Low temperature and heavy precipitation are favorable for the occurrence of freezing weather. Temperature is the main factor affecting the frozen grade in the high altitude area while accumulated precipitation is the primary factor determining the frozen grade in the plain area. In addition, the location, intensity and moving speed of the weather system determine the hit area, grade and duration of cryogenic freezing rain and snow.
2025,51(3):324-336, DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2024.120902
Abstract:
Based on the 2019-2023 grid rainfall observation and multi-model forecasts in Zhejiang Province during the flood season from May to October, the accuracy of the areal rainfall forecasts for 32 large-sized reservoirs within the basin of Zhejiang Province by multi-model objective consensus forecasting (OCF) is evaluated by means of various indicators and methods, and the results are further compared with those of the model of European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (EC model). The results demonstrate that the forecast accuracy of areal rainfall by OCF model is related to the catchment area of reservoir, the location of reservoir and the synoptic processes bringing precipitation. On the whole, the forecast accuracy of areal rainfall by OCF model for Type Ⅰ large-sized reservoirs is higher than that for Type Ⅱ. The forecast error of OCF model mainly comes from the missing alarm. By reducing the missing alarm rate, the forecast accuracy of areal rainfall by OCF model for Type Ⅱ large-sized reservoirs located in eastern part of the Central Zhejiang can be significantly improved. Especially for the areal rainfall over 15 mm, it has obvious advantages compared to EC model. Although the forecasting accuracy of OCF model decreases gradually with the extension of forecast lead time, it has better effect than EC model in forecasting the areal rainfall over 6 mm. For different heavy precipitation processes in Zhejiang Province, OCF model has higher forecasting ability and better performance than EC model for the reservoir basins that are mainly affected by Meiyu (typhoon) during Meiyu period (typhoon period). The forecasting accuracy of OCF model improves with the approach of forecast lead time during both Meiyu and typhoon periods. However, owing to the influence of the forecasting accuracy of typhoon tracks, the latter fluctuates dramatically and has obvious advantages relative to EC model in most forecast lead time of 24-120 h. The above results could provide some necessary reference for the hydrometeorological service.
Based on the 2019-2023 grid rainfall observation and multi-model forecasts in Zhejiang Province during the flood season from May to October, the accuracy of the areal rainfall forecasts for 32 large-sized reservoirs within the basin of Zhejiang Province by multi-model objective consensus forecasting (OCF) is evaluated by means of various indicators and methods, and the results are further compared with those of the model of European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (EC model). The results demonstrate that the forecast accuracy of areal rainfall by OCF model is related to the catchment area of reservoir, the location of reservoir and the synoptic processes bringing precipitation. On the whole, the forecast accuracy of areal rainfall by OCF model for Type Ⅰ large-sized reservoirs is higher than that for Type Ⅱ. The forecast error of OCF model mainly comes from the missing alarm. By reducing the missing alarm rate, the forecast accuracy of areal rainfall by OCF model for Type Ⅱ large-sized reservoirs located in eastern part of the Central Zhejiang can be significantly improved. Especially for the areal rainfall over 15 mm, it has obvious advantages compared to EC model. Although the forecasting accuracy of OCF model decreases gradually with the extension of forecast lead time, it has better effect than EC model in forecasting the areal rainfall over 6 mm. For different heavy precipitation processes in Zhejiang Province, OCF model has higher forecasting ability and better performance than EC model for the reservoir basins that are mainly affected by Meiyu (typhoon) during Meiyu period (typhoon period). The forecasting accuracy of OCF model improves with the approach of forecast lead time during both Meiyu and typhoon periods. However, owing to the influence of the forecasting accuracy of typhoon tracks, the latter fluctuates dramatically and has obvious advantages relative to EC model in most forecast lead time of 24-120 h. The above results could provide some necessary reference for the hydrometeorological service.
Characteristics of FY-4A Satellite Cloud Physical Parameters in Severe Convective Weather in Ningxia
2025,51(3):337-348, DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2025.011602
Abstract:
Based on the observation data of FY-4A Advanced Geosynchronous Radiation Imager (AGRI) and surface observation data during 2018-2020, the distribution characteristics of satellite products in different severe convective weathers, including short-time heavy precipitation, lightning and hail, are studied by using statistical methods such as normal distribution test and correlation analysis. The results are as follows. The difference of convection in severe convective weather leads to different distribution characteristics of FY-4A satellite products. During short-time heavy precipitation, the cloud top temperature (CTT) and black body temperature (TBB) are mainly concentrated in the range of 200-280 K, and different cloud shapes lead to significant differences in temperature ranges. However, during lightning and hail processes, the main ranges of CTT and TBB are located between 210-270 K. More than 50% of short-time heavy precipitation, 75% of lightning, and more than 90% of hail occur at altitudes above 5000 m (500 hPa). The radii of cloud droplets in different convective weathers are obviously different. Short-time heavy precipitation, lightning and hail correspond to small, middle and large cloud droplets, respectively. When the liquid water content (LWC) in clouds exceeds 500 g·m-2, short-time heavy precipitation is prone to occur. For lightning, the LWC ranges from 250 to 400 g·m-2, and for hail, it ranges from 400 to 600 g·m-2. Moderate intensity tropopause folding depth (TZD) is conducive to the occurrence and maintenance of heavy precipitation and lightning, while hail requires deeper folding depth. Except that the CTT and the cloud top height (CTH) in the lightning hail series show normal distribution or quasi-normal distribution characteristics, other FY-4A products do not conform to normal distribution. FY-4A products are significantly correlated to short-time heavy precipitation in CTT, TBB, LWC and TZD, lightning in CTT, TBB and TZD, as well as hail in CTT, CTH, TBB, LWC and TZD. These products need to be paid more attention to in monitoring and early warning operations.
Based on the observation data of FY-4A Advanced Geosynchronous Radiation Imager (AGRI) and surface observation data during 2018-2020, the distribution characteristics of satellite products in different severe convective weathers, including short-time heavy precipitation, lightning and hail, are studied by using statistical methods such as normal distribution test and correlation analysis. The results are as follows. The difference of convection in severe convective weather leads to different distribution characteristics of FY-4A satellite products. During short-time heavy precipitation, the cloud top temperature (CTT) and black body temperature (TBB) are mainly concentrated in the range of 200-280 K, and different cloud shapes lead to significant differences in temperature ranges. However, during lightning and hail processes, the main ranges of CTT and TBB are located between 210-270 K. More than 50% of short-time heavy precipitation, 75% of lightning, and more than 90% of hail occur at altitudes above 5000 m (500 hPa). The radii of cloud droplets in different convective weathers are obviously different. Short-time heavy precipitation, lightning and hail correspond to small, middle and large cloud droplets, respectively. When the liquid water content (LWC) in clouds exceeds 500 g·m-2, short-time heavy precipitation is prone to occur. For lightning, the LWC ranges from 250 to 400 g·m-2, and for hail, it ranges from 400 to 600 g·m-2. Moderate intensity tropopause folding depth (TZD) is conducive to the occurrence and maintenance of heavy precipitation and lightning, while hail requires deeper folding depth. Except that the CTT and the cloud top height (CTH) in the lightning hail series show normal distribution or quasi-normal distribution characteristics, other FY-4A products do not conform to normal distribution. FY-4A products are significantly correlated to short-time heavy precipitation in CTT, TBB, LWC and TZD, lightning in CTT, TBB and TZD, as well as hail in CTT, CTH, TBB, LWC and TZD. These products need to be paid more attention to in monitoring and early warning operations.
ZHAO LinZhuozhuo, ZHANG Daquan, JIANG Yundi, ZHONG Hailing, LI Xiang, CHEN Xianyan, LI Xiucang, ZOU Xukai, WANG Yiran, ZENG Hongling, CUI Tong, YIN Yizhou, WANG Youmin, ZHOU Xingyan, ZHU Xiaojin, DAI Tanlong, QIAO Qi, CHEN Yixiao, LYU Zhuozhuo, ZHANG Daquan
2025,51(3):349-357, DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2025.022401
Abstract:
China underwent a warmer and wetter climate in 2024. Temperatures kept a higher than normal level in all the four seasons, and the national mean temperature reached a record high in the same period since 1951. Especially, spring, summer and autumn were the warmest relative to that in the same period since 1961. The national average precipitation was the fourth most in the same period since 1951, and the precipitation amount in all four seasons was more than the average. There were 70 national meteorological stations in China seeing daily precipitation break the historical extreme values. In 2024, the heaviest rainstorm process since 1961 occurred in southern China. The extremely high temperature came early, with the middle and eastern regions of China plagued by the second hottest weather in the same period since 1961. The autumn typhoons were active and extreme, and Typhoon Yagi seriously impacted Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi and other adjacent areas. The drought condition was generally mild but its stages were obvious. The winter and spring drought occurred in Southwest China. The cold air processes were more than usual, the severe convection events occurred frequently, and the influence of sand-dust was at a low level.
China underwent a warmer and wetter climate in 2024. Temperatures kept a higher than normal level in all the four seasons, and the national mean temperature reached a record high in the same period since 1951. Especially, spring, summer and autumn were the warmest relative to that in the same period since 1961. The national average precipitation was the fourth most in the same period since 1951, and the precipitation amount in all four seasons was more than the average. There were 70 national meteorological stations in China seeing daily precipitation break the historical extreme values. In 2024, the heaviest rainstorm process since 1961 occurred in southern China. The extremely high temperature came early, with the middle and eastern regions of China plagued by the second hottest weather in the same period since 1961. The autumn typhoons were active and extreme, and Typhoon Yagi seriously impacted Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi and other adjacent areas. The drought condition was generally mild but its stages were obvious. The winter and spring drought occurred in Southwest China. The cold air processes were more than usual, the severe convection events occurred frequently, and the influence of sand-dust was at a low level.
2025,51(3):358-368, DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2025.022501
Abstract:
The main characteristics of climate in the flood season 2024 were accurately predicted by the National Climate Centre, including that the overall climate condition was unfavorable and the flood disasters had more serious impact than drought. The prediction of excessive precipitation in the eastern monsoon region was highly consistent with observations. At the same time, the stage characteristics of flood situation were accurately predicted, that is, the flood situation was serious first in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the Huaihe River Basin and the Taihu Lake Basin before mid-July and then in the Songhua River Basin, the Liaohe River Basin and the Haihe River Basin after mid-July. The prediction of “overall high temperature nationwide in summer, multiple high temperature processes in North China, Huanghuai Region and other places in early summer, and multiple high temperature processes in the south of China in mid-summer” was in line with observations. The shortcoming of the flood season prediction was that the impact of typhoons on extreme precipitation in South China under the background of fewer typhoons was underestimated. The predictions of circulation situation from multiple dynamic climate models for the tropical and subtropical regions were in a relatively good agreement with observations. The models’ predictions of large range of excessive precipitation in eastern China and national temperatures higher than normal were basically consistent with observations as well. In addition, this article analyzes and assesses the precursor signals for the flood season 2024 climate prediction from interdecadal and interannual time scales. The sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the equatorial eastern and central Pacific, tropical Indian Ocean, and tropical Atlantic during the 2023/2024 winter were all remarkable, while the anomalies of the snow cover and polar ice were relatively weak. Therefore, the study focus is on the impact of the SST distribution in the three oceans on the flood season climate of China. Observations also show that the SST anomalies from the three oceans were conducive to strengthening the western Pacific subtropical high, leading to the widespread excessive precipitation in the eastern monsoon region of China.
The main characteristics of climate in the flood season 2024 were accurately predicted by the National Climate Centre, including that the overall climate condition was unfavorable and the flood disasters had more serious impact than drought. The prediction of excessive precipitation in the eastern monsoon region was highly consistent with observations. At the same time, the stage characteristics of flood situation were accurately predicted, that is, the flood situation was serious first in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the Huaihe River Basin and the Taihu Lake Basin before mid-July and then in the Songhua River Basin, the Liaohe River Basin and the Haihe River Basin after mid-July. The prediction of “overall high temperature nationwide in summer, multiple high temperature processes in North China, Huanghuai Region and other places in early summer, and multiple high temperature processes in the south of China in mid-summer” was in line with observations. The shortcoming of the flood season prediction was that the impact of typhoons on extreme precipitation in South China under the background of fewer typhoons was underestimated. The predictions of circulation situation from multiple dynamic climate models for the tropical and subtropical regions were in a relatively good agreement with observations. The models’ predictions of large range of excessive precipitation in eastern China and national temperatures higher than normal were basically consistent with observations as well. In addition, this article analyzes and assesses the precursor signals for the flood season 2024 climate prediction from interdecadal and interannual time scales. The sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the equatorial eastern and central Pacific, tropical Indian Ocean, and tropical Atlantic during the 2023/2024 winter were all remarkable, while the anomalies of the snow cover and polar ice were relatively weak. Therefore, the study focus is on the impact of the SST distribution in the three oceans on the flood season climate of China. Observations also show that the SST anomalies from the three oceans were conducive to strengthening the western Pacific subtropical high, leading to the widespread excessive precipitation in the eastern monsoon region of China.
2025,51(3):369-381, DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2024.122701
Abstract:
Using the best track data of China Meteorological Administration (CMA) from 1949 to 2023, real-time operational forecast data of typhoon track and intensity in 2023 from National Meteorological Centre (NMC) of CMA, and the ERA5 reanalysis data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), we analyze the main characteristics of typhoon activities in the Western North Pacific in 2023. The results show that in 2023, the numbers of generated typhoons and the landfall typhoons were both at a relatively low level, but the extreme intensity of typhoons and landfall intensities were stronger. The generation source areas of typhoons shifted eastward, with fewer typhoons born in the South China Sea and fewer typhoons making landfall in summer. The landfall localities of typhoons were more concentrated, and the landfall typhoons travelled further inland, causing widespread and severe damages. Although the 24 h typhoon track forecast errors by NMC in 2023 reached a historic low point, the track forecast errors within 1-4 d were higher than those of the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) and the U.S. Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC). The intensity forecast errors for typhoons within 1-5 d lead time increased compared to last five years’ levels, but still better than JMA and worse than JTWC. The large challenges in typhoon forecasting in 2023 lay in the inland penetration and prolonged duration of Typhoon Doksuri which brought extreme precipitation in North China, and the remnant vortex of Typhoon Haikui triggering extreme precipitation in South China. Analysis of Typhoon Khanun indicates that, the evolution of large-scale tropical weather systems and the dual-typhoon effect may lead to the two sharp turns of the typhoon’s track.
Using the best track data of China Meteorological Administration (CMA) from 1949 to 2023, real-time operational forecast data of typhoon track and intensity in 2023 from National Meteorological Centre (NMC) of CMA, and the ERA5 reanalysis data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), we analyze the main characteristics of typhoon activities in the Western North Pacific in 2023. The results show that in 2023, the numbers of generated typhoons and the landfall typhoons were both at a relatively low level, but the extreme intensity of typhoons and landfall intensities were stronger. The generation source areas of typhoons shifted eastward, with fewer typhoons born in the South China Sea and fewer typhoons making landfall in summer. The landfall localities of typhoons were more concentrated, and the landfall typhoons travelled further inland, causing widespread and severe damages. Although the 24 h typhoon track forecast errors by NMC in 2023 reached a historic low point, the track forecast errors within 1-4 d were higher than those of the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) and the U.S. Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC). The intensity forecast errors for typhoons within 1-5 d lead time increased compared to last five years’ levels, but still better than JMA and worse than JTWC. The large challenges in typhoon forecasting in 2023 lay in the inland penetration and prolonged duration of Typhoon Doksuri which brought extreme precipitation in North China, and the remnant vortex of Typhoon Haikui triggering extreme precipitation in South China. Analysis of Typhoon Khanun indicates that, the evolution of large-scale tropical weather systems and the dual-typhoon effect may lead to the two sharp turns of the typhoon’s track.
2025,51(3):382-388, DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2025.012401
Abstract:
The main characteristics of the general atmospheric circulation in December 2024 are as follows. In the Northern Hemisphere, the polar vortex was distributed in a dipole pattern, and the mid high latitudes of Eurasia had a pattern of two troughs and one ridge. The western Pacific subtropical high was abnormally westward, and the Indo Myanmar trough was weak. Such a circulation pattern was not conducive to the occurrence of precipitation in China. In December, the average precipitation was only 5.3 mm, 55.5% less than normal, ranking the fifth lowest for the same period in history. There was scarce rain and snow in the central and eastern part of China. The number of snowfall days in Beijing, Tianjin and Liaoning was the lowest on record for the same period. Precipitation in Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Fujian and other places was reduced by more than 80%, resulting in moderate to severe meteorological drought. The national average temperature was -2.9℃, 0.1℃ higher than in the same period of the normal years. Cold air was active during the month, and four cold air processes appeared, among which the strong cold air from 2 to 3 December led to heavy snow to blizzards in the northeastern part of Heilongjiang, the northeastern part of Inner Mongolia, the northwestern part of Xinjiang and other places. From 28 to 29 December, a wide range of cooling appeared over China, and the temperature in the south to Yangtze River, the eastern part of South China and other places dropped over 12℃ as the consequence of strong cold air. Gale force winds frequently appeared in northern China during the month, and sand dust weather were observed in some local areas of Inner Mongolia, Gansu and Ningxia. Finally, the overall air diffusion conditions across the country were relatively favorable in this month, and the number of fog haze processes and their intensity were clearly weaker than in the same period of the past decade.
The main characteristics of the general atmospheric circulation in December 2024 are as follows. In the Northern Hemisphere, the polar vortex was distributed in a dipole pattern, and the mid high latitudes of Eurasia had a pattern of two troughs and one ridge. The western Pacific subtropical high was abnormally westward, and the Indo Myanmar trough was weak. Such a circulation pattern was not conducive to the occurrence of precipitation in China. In December, the average precipitation was only 5.3 mm, 55.5% less than normal, ranking the fifth lowest for the same period in history. There was scarce rain and snow in the central and eastern part of China. The number of snowfall days in Beijing, Tianjin and Liaoning was the lowest on record for the same period. Precipitation in Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Fujian and other places was reduced by more than 80%, resulting in moderate to severe meteorological drought. The national average temperature was -2.9℃, 0.1℃ higher than in the same period of the normal years. Cold air was active during the month, and four cold air processes appeared, among which the strong cold air from 2 to 3 December led to heavy snow to blizzards in the northeastern part of Heilongjiang, the northeastern part of Inner Mongolia, the northwestern part of Xinjiang and other places. From 28 to 29 December, a wide range of cooling appeared over China, and the temperature in the south to Yangtze River, the eastern part of South China and other places dropped over 12℃ as the consequence of strong cold air. Gale force winds frequently appeared in northern China during the month, and sand dust weather were observed in some local areas of Inner Mongolia, Gansu and Ningxia. Finally, the overall air diffusion conditions across the country were relatively favorable in this month, and the number of fog haze processes and their intensity were clearly weaker than in the same period of the past decade.
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Available online: April 17, 2025 , DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2025.041601
Abstract:
Based on the monthly rainfall of 643 stations in China, NCEP reanalysis data and NOAA ERSST sea surface temperature data from 1961 to 2023, impacts of early and late onset of El Ni?o on summer precipitation in China are analyzed. The results are as followed. Westerly wind anomalies in the equatorial west-central Pacific are more pronounced in June-August of years with early El Ni?o onset than in years with late El Ni?o onset, resulting in a more obvious warming of the sea surface temperature in the equatorial east-central Pacific in earlier onset years, the sea surface temperature in the quarter continues to rise. However, the positive anomaly of sea surface temperature in the equatorial east-central Pacific Ocean in the later onset years is not obvious and changes slowly. There is obvious differences in summer precipitation in central and eastern China between the El Ni?o earlier onset years and the El Ni?o later onset years, especially in July and August. In the El Ni?o earlier onset years, the Western North Pacific anticyclone (WNPAC) generally appears around August, the summer precipitation in central and eastern China is distributed in "-+-" from south to north, with more precipitation than normal in Jianghuai Region, and less precipitation than normal in other areas. In June, the Western Pacific Ocean is an abnormal cyclone, the precipitation in most of China’s central and eastern parts is less than normal. In July, the abnormal cyclone in the Western Pacific Ocean retreats southward significantly, the precipitation in regions of the Jiangnan, Northwest and North China continues to be less than normal. And the abnormal anticyclone to the east of Japan significantly extends westward and presses southward, the southeast coastal areas of China turns to abnormal southerly winds, leading to precipitation along the southern China coast, Jianghuai basin turn to more than normal. In August, Northwest Pacific Ocean turns into an anomalous anticyclone, WNPAC begins to appear, the precipitation over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and most parts of its south is more than normal, while the precipitation in most parts of northern China is less than normal. In the later onset years, WNPAC usually appears in October or later, the Western Pacific Ocean has been an abnormal cyclone from June to August. The summer precipitation in the central and eastern regions of China is distributed in "+-+" from south to north, and the precipitation persistence characteristics of each month are obvious.
Based on the monthly rainfall of 643 stations in China, NCEP reanalysis data and NOAA ERSST sea surface temperature data from 1961 to 2023, impacts of early and late onset of El Ni?o on summer precipitation in China are analyzed. The results are as followed. Westerly wind anomalies in the equatorial west-central Pacific are more pronounced in June-August of years with early El Ni?o onset than in years with late El Ni?o onset, resulting in a more obvious warming of the sea surface temperature in the equatorial east-central Pacific in earlier onset years, the sea surface temperature in the quarter continues to rise. However, the positive anomaly of sea surface temperature in the equatorial east-central Pacific Ocean in the later onset years is not obvious and changes slowly. There is obvious differences in summer precipitation in central and eastern China between the El Ni?o earlier onset years and the El Ni?o later onset years, especially in July and August. In the El Ni?o earlier onset years, the Western North Pacific anticyclone (WNPAC) generally appears around August, the summer precipitation in central and eastern China is distributed in "-+-" from south to north, with more precipitation than normal in Jianghuai Region, and less precipitation than normal in other areas. In June, the Western Pacific Ocean is an abnormal cyclone, the precipitation in most of China’s central and eastern parts is less than normal. In July, the abnormal cyclone in the Western Pacific Ocean retreats southward significantly, the precipitation in regions of the Jiangnan, Northwest and North China continues to be less than normal. And the abnormal anticyclone to the east of Japan significantly extends westward and presses southward, the southeast coastal areas of China turns to abnormal southerly winds, leading to precipitation along the southern China coast, Jianghuai basin turn to more than normal. In August, Northwest Pacific Ocean turns into an anomalous anticyclone, WNPAC begins to appear, the precipitation over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and most parts of its south is more than normal, while the precipitation in most parts of northern China is less than normal. In the later onset years, WNPAC usually appears in October or later, the Western Pacific Ocean has been an abnormal cyclone from June to August. The summer precipitation in the central and eastern regions of China is distributed in "+-+" from south to north, and the precipitation persistence characteristics of each month are obvious.
Available online: April 16, 2025 , DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2025.041501
Abstract:
Based on the reanalysis data of atmospheric circulation field with ERA5 time resolution of hourly and horizontal resolution of 0.25 ° * 0.25 °, combined with temperature field, the Northeast cold vortex process from 1979 to 2023 was objectively identified, and the climate and climate change characteristics of the Northeast cold vortex were analyzed. The results indicate that: (1) there were more Northeast cold vortex processes in the early 1990s and mid-2000s, and relatively fewer in the 2010s; The distribution of Northeast cold vortex is highest in June and lowest in March; The average duration is 4 days, with April being the shortest and January the longest. (2) The Northeast cold vortex is mostly generated between 45 ° -60 ° N and disappears (moves out) between 40 ° -55 ° N. The center of the Northeast cold vortex is mainly concentrated between 115 ° -135 ° E and 45 ° -55 ° N. The Northeast cold vortex mainly moves towards the east and southeast. (3) To the east of 120 ° E, the average strength of the cold vortex is stronger in the northeast and weaker in the west. The intensity of Northeast cold vortex showed a significant weakening trend from 1979 to 2023; The intensity distribution of the Northeast cold vortex within the year is stronger in the cold season than in the warm season. The strength difference between the grids in the analysis area is the largest in March, and the strength difference between the grids is the smallest in June. (4) There is a significant negative correlation between the intensity of the Northeast cold vortex in the Northeast region and the temperature in most months; There is a significant positive correlation with precipitation in April and June.
Based on the reanalysis data of atmospheric circulation field with ERA5 time resolution of hourly and horizontal resolution of 0.25 ° * 0.25 °, combined with temperature field, the Northeast cold vortex process from 1979 to 2023 was objectively identified, and the climate and climate change characteristics of the Northeast cold vortex were analyzed. The results indicate that: (1) there were more Northeast cold vortex processes in the early 1990s and mid-2000s, and relatively fewer in the 2010s; The distribution of Northeast cold vortex is highest in June and lowest in March; The average duration is 4 days, with April being the shortest and January the longest. (2) The Northeast cold vortex is mostly generated between 45 ° -60 ° N and disappears (moves out) between 40 ° -55 ° N. The center of the Northeast cold vortex is mainly concentrated between 115 ° -135 ° E and 45 ° -55 ° N. The Northeast cold vortex mainly moves towards the east and southeast. (3) To the east of 120 ° E, the average strength of the cold vortex is stronger in the northeast and weaker in the west. The intensity of Northeast cold vortex showed a significant weakening trend from 1979 to 2023; The intensity distribution of the Northeast cold vortex within the year is stronger in the cold season than in the warm season. The strength difference between the grids in the analysis area is the largest in March, and the strength difference between the grids is the smallest in June. (4) There is a significant negative correlation between the intensity of the Northeast cold vortex in the Northeast region and the temperature in most months; There is a significant positive correlation with precipitation in April and June.
Available online: April 16, 2025 , DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2025.022402
Abstract:
Short duration heavy rainfall is an important unstable factor affecting the safe operation of the city. Based on the minute by minute precipitation observation data from Wuhan National meteorological station since 1950s, the sliding accumulation method was used to identify short-duration heavy rainfall events, and the rain pattern of a single rainfall event was determined by fuzzy identification method, and the fuzzy identification method is used to determine the rain pattern of every single rainfall event. In addition, the temporal and spatial characteristics of short-duration heavy rainfall in Wuhan were systematically analyzed from the aspects of occurrence frequency, intensity and rain type, and preliminarily explore the influence of urbanization on short-duration heavy rainfall . The results show that: From 1954 to 2022, the short-duration heavy rainfall events in Wuhan showed an increasing trend, which suggests that the annual frequency of heavy rainfall , annual heavy rainfall , annual maximum 60-minute heavy rainfall and annual maximum single heavy rainfall were respectively 6.9 times, 289.9mm, 98.0mm and 282.2mm, while the increasing rates were 0.3 times /10a, 16.7mm/10a, 1.4mm/10a and 0.9mm/10a, respectively. However the changing trends did not pass the 95% confidence test. Among them, the frequency and amount of annual heavy precipitation exhibit interdecadal characteristics, approximately presenting a "W" shape of "decrease increase decrease increase".The incidence and contribution rate of heavy rainfall lasting 60~120 minutes were the largest, 41.6% and 32.2%, respectively. Heavy rainfall in Wuhan mainly occurs from late June to mid-July, accounting for 33.6% of the whole year. The peak of the average minute heavy rainfall frequency occurred at 05:11-05:40, and the trough occurred at 15:58-16:47. Nevertheless, the main peak of the average minute rain intensity appeared in 16:04-17:34, and the trough could be found in 07:53-08:27. The average rain intensity during the day was greater than that at night, especially during 14-20. The average frequency of peaks and valleys per minute in spring is earlier than the annual average.In terms of individual rain patterns, the heavy rainfall at each station in Wuhan was dominated by the type Ⅰ and type Ⅳ rain patterns, while the heavy rainfall in 0-60 minutes was dominated by the type Ⅰ and type Ⅲ rain, and the heavy rainfall in more than 180 minutes contributes the most to the type IV heavy rainfall . Urbanization also played an important role in increasing the frequency and duration of heavy rainfall in Wuhan city to a certain extent, and further increased the heavy rainfall .
Short duration heavy rainfall is an important unstable factor affecting the safe operation of the city. Based on the minute by minute precipitation observation data from Wuhan National meteorological station since 1950s, the sliding accumulation method was used to identify short-duration heavy rainfall events, and the rain pattern of a single rainfall event was determined by fuzzy identification method, and the fuzzy identification method is used to determine the rain pattern of every single rainfall event. In addition, the temporal and spatial characteristics of short-duration heavy rainfall in Wuhan were systematically analyzed from the aspects of occurrence frequency, intensity and rain type, and preliminarily explore the influence of urbanization on short-duration heavy rainfall . The results show that: From 1954 to 2022, the short-duration heavy rainfall events in Wuhan showed an increasing trend, which suggests that the annual frequency of heavy rainfall , annual heavy rainfall , annual maximum 60-minute heavy rainfall and annual maximum single heavy rainfall were respectively 6.9 times, 289.9mm, 98.0mm and 282.2mm, while the increasing rates were 0.3 times /10a, 16.7mm/10a, 1.4mm/10a and 0.9mm/10a, respectively. However the changing trends did not pass the 95% confidence test. Among them, the frequency and amount of annual heavy precipitation exhibit interdecadal characteristics, approximately presenting a "W" shape of "decrease increase decrease increase".The incidence and contribution rate of heavy rainfall lasting 60~120 minutes were the largest, 41.6% and 32.2%, respectively. Heavy rainfall in Wuhan mainly occurs from late June to mid-July, accounting for 33.6% of the whole year. The peak of the average minute heavy rainfall frequency occurred at 05:11-05:40, and the trough occurred at 15:58-16:47. Nevertheless, the main peak of the average minute rain intensity appeared in 16:04-17:34, and the trough could be found in 07:53-08:27. The average rain intensity during the day was greater than that at night, especially during 14-20. The average frequency of peaks and valleys per minute in spring is earlier than the annual average.In terms of individual rain patterns, the heavy rainfall at each station in Wuhan was dominated by the type Ⅰ and type Ⅳ rain patterns, while the heavy rainfall in 0-60 minutes was dominated by the type Ⅰ and type Ⅲ rain, and the heavy rainfall in more than 180 minutes contributes the most to the type IV heavy rainfall . Urbanization also played an important role in increasing the frequency and duration of heavy rainfall in Wuhan city to a certain extent, and further increased the heavy rainfall .
Available online: April 15, 2025 , DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2025.031001
Abstract:
Based on conventional observation data, Doppler weather radar data and ERA5 reanalysis data, the physical process responsible for the enhancement and maintenance of a strong squall line affecting the Bohai Sea area during the night of July 31, 2021 was analyzed. The results show that coastal terrain and sea surface temperature were key factors affecting the intensity of squall lines. The warm water areas in the central and western Bohai Sea exhibited favorable conditions for thermal instability, and the areas with high wind speeds corresponded to the areas with high sea surface temperatures. The horn-shaped coastal terrain around the Bohai Bay exhibited the "narrow tube effect", resulting in significant wind field convergence on the windward side of the coast, which was conducive to the triggering of convection. In the early stage, the cold pool outflow formed by multi-cell storms on land converged with environmental airflow, causing the storms to propagate eastward and move into the sea. The non-uniform onshore winds caused by the complex coastal terrain of the Bohai Bay were conducive to the formation of new coastal thunderstorms. These thunderstorms merged and strengthened, ultimately evolving into squall lines. The mesoscale vortices formed by the cold pool outflow of squall lines and the environmental airflow along the northern coast of Bohai Bay promoted the propagation and strengthening of squall lines along the coastline. The development of coastal convection led to the spread of cold density towards the sea, which strengthened the intensity of the sea surface cold pool and was conducive to the development of offshore squall lines. In the process of strengthening squall lines over the sea, boundary layer frontogenesis played a crucial role. Compared with the cold pool effect, the influence of boundary layer temperature and environmental airflow was more significant, ultimately leading to the development and strengthening of squall lines in the warm water area of the Bohai Sea and their weakening and dissipation in the cold water area.
Based on conventional observation data, Doppler weather radar data and ERA5 reanalysis data, the physical process responsible for the enhancement and maintenance of a strong squall line affecting the Bohai Sea area during the night of July 31, 2021 was analyzed. The results show that coastal terrain and sea surface temperature were key factors affecting the intensity of squall lines. The warm water areas in the central and western Bohai Sea exhibited favorable conditions for thermal instability, and the areas with high wind speeds corresponded to the areas with high sea surface temperatures. The horn-shaped coastal terrain around the Bohai Bay exhibited the "narrow tube effect", resulting in significant wind field convergence on the windward side of the coast, which was conducive to the triggering of convection. In the early stage, the cold pool outflow formed by multi-cell storms on land converged with environmental airflow, causing the storms to propagate eastward and move into the sea. The non-uniform onshore winds caused by the complex coastal terrain of the Bohai Bay were conducive to the formation of new coastal thunderstorms. These thunderstorms merged and strengthened, ultimately evolving into squall lines. The mesoscale vortices formed by the cold pool outflow of squall lines and the environmental airflow along the northern coast of Bohai Bay promoted the propagation and strengthening of squall lines along the coastline. The development of coastal convection led to the spread of cold density towards the sea, which strengthened the intensity of the sea surface cold pool and was conducive to the development of offshore squall lines. In the process of strengthening squall lines over the sea, boundary layer frontogenesis played a crucial role. Compared with the cold pool effect, the influence of boundary layer temperature and environmental airflow was more significant, ultimately leading to the development and strengthening of squall lines in the warm water area of the Bohai Sea and their weakening and dissipation in the cold water area.
Available online: April 11, 2025 , DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2025.020101
Abstract:
A statistical analysis of the characteristic of typhoon track deflection relative to the steering flow in East China is conducted with the CMA tropical cyclone best track dataset and the ECMWF ERA5 reanalysis data from 1950 to 2022. The results show that: Of 54 landfall typhoons, 85.2% of the typhoon tracks deviate to the left of the steering flow at the time of landing, and the underlying surface will produce an averaged deflection angle of about 6°～7° from the steering flow. The deflection angle between the typhoon tracks and the steering flow at the landing time has a good correspondence with the thermal asymmetry parameters. Generally, a cyclone with a nearly symmetric thermal structure at the time of landing corresponds to a smaller deflection angle, while the obvious thermal asymmetric structure will increase the possibility of a large deflection angle. The underlying surface is prone to triggering asymmetric convection on the left side of the cyclone near the landing, affecting the distribution of thermal structure and causing the typhoon tracks to deviate to the left of the steering flow. The development of convection on the left side of the cyclone can sometimes decrease the thermal asymmetry parameter at the time of landing. So, more attention should be paid to the evolution of thermal asymmetry near the landing instead of the asymmetry itself for more accurate prediction of typhoon track deflection.
A statistical analysis of the characteristic of typhoon track deflection relative to the steering flow in East China is conducted with the CMA tropical cyclone best track dataset and the ECMWF ERA5 reanalysis data from 1950 to 2022. The results show that: Of 54 landfall typhoons, 85.2% of the typhoon tracks deviate to the left of the steering flow at the time of landing, and the underlying surface will produce an averaged deflection angle of about 6°～7° from the steering flow. The deflection angle between the typhoon tracks and the steering flow at the landing time has a good correspondence with the thermal asymmetry parameters. Generally, a cyclone with a nearly symmetric thermal structure at the time of landing corresponds to a smaller deflection angle, while the obvious thermal asymmetric structure will increase the possibility of a large deflection angle. The underlying surface is prone to triggering asymmetric convection on the left side of the cyclone near the landing, affecting the distribution of thermal structure and causing the typhoon tracks to deviate to the left of the steering flow. The development of convection on the left side of the cyclone can sometimes decrease the thermal asymmetry parameter at the time of landing. So, more attention should be paid to the evolution of thermal asymmetry near the landing instead of the asymmetry itself for more accurate prediction of typhoon track deflection.
Available online: April 11, 2025 , DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2024.122601
Abstract:
From 29 to 30 June 2023, a local abrupt torrential rainstorm occurred in the western region of Hunan Province, but the forecasters and numerical models both failed to forecast the rainfall intensity. Based on conventional surface and upper-air observation data, Doppler radar and FY-4A data, ERA5 reanalysis data and numerical forecast products, the mesoscale characteristics and forecast difficulties of this heavy rainfall event were analyzed. The results show that this is a severe torrential rain process under the background of the northwest airflow behind the upper-level trough. The northwest airflow drives the cold air behind the northeast cold vortex to the south, and merges with the southwester warm-humid air flows strengthened at night, which leads to the occurrence of this process. The severe torrential rain is caused by a back-building and quasi-stationary meso-α-scale convective system ( MCS ), which is composed of several strongly developing γ-scale MCSs. On the doppler radar image, the MCS shows as an organized linear echo band, and the echo belongs to the warm cloud precipitation echo of low centroid and high rainfall efficiency. Under the favorable environmental background, the long-term maintenance of the boundary layer convergence line，the wind velocity pulsation of the low-level jet and the vertical structure of low-level convergence and high-level divergence lead to the initiation and organization of the convective cells, the consolidation strengthening, backward propagation of MCS and convective cell train effect are important reasons for the severe torrential rains. The significant deviations in the subjective forecast of short-term timeliness was possibly caused by the forecasting deviation of the lower troposphere dynamic and thermal fields of the numerical models, the deficiency of forecaster"s ability to correct the model forecast and the uncertainty of the heavy rainstorm forecast increased by the complex topography in western Hunan.. Therefore, it is very crucial for forecasters to use the automatic weather station data, satellite data and radar data with high spatiotemporal resolutions to analyze the changes of the mesoscale environmental conditions, strengthen the short-term nowcasting, and issue early warning signals in time.
From 29 to 30 June 2023, a local abrupt torrential rainstorm occurred in the western region of Hunan Province, but the forecasters and numerical models both failed to forecast the rainfall intensity. Based on conventional surface and upper-air observation data, Doppler radar and FY-4A data, ERA5 reanalysis data and numerical forecast products, the mesoscale characteristics and forecast difficulties of this heavy rainfall event were analyzed. The results show that this is a severe torrential rain process under the background of the northwest airflow behind the upper-level trough. The northwest airflow drives the cold air behind the northeast cold vortex to the south, and merges with the southwester warm-humid air flows strengthened at night, which leads to the occurrence of this process. The severe torrential rain is caused by a back-building and quasi-stationary meso-α-scale convective system ( MCS ), which is composed of several strongly developing γ-scale MCSs. On the doppler radar image, the MCS shows as an organized linear echo band, and the echo belongs to the warm cloud precipitation echo of low centroid and high rainfall efficiency. Under the favorable environmental background, the long-term maintenance of the boundary layer convergence line，the wind velocity pulsation of the low-level jet and the vertical structure of low-level convergence and high-level divergence lead to the initiation and organization of the convective cells, the consolidation strengthening, backward propagation of MCS and convective cell train effect are important reasons for the severe torrential rains. The significant deviations in the subjective forecast of short-term timeliness was possibly caused by the forecasting deviation of the lower troposphere dynamic and thermal fields of the numerical models, the deficiency of forecaster"s ability to correct the model forecast and the uncertainty of the heavy rainstorm forecast increased by the complex topography in western Hunan.. Therefore, it is very crucial for forecasters to use the automatic weather station data, satellite data and radar data with high spatiotemporal resolutions to analyze the changes of the mesoscale environmental conditions, strengthen the short-term nowcasting, and issue early warning signals in time.
Available online: April 01, 2025 , DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2025.012402
Abstract:
A warm sector severe convective event dominated by short-term heavy precipitation occurred in southern Anhui early in the morning of 27 May, 2023. The train effect formed by a number of north-south trend parallel meso-β scale short convections caused more than 100 mm sudden local heavy precipitation in 2 hours. The numerical simulation of this event was carried out by using WRF-EnKF, a rapid update assimilation system for service operation in Anhui Meteorological Observatory. The results show that (1) the interaction between large-scale environmental field and mesoscale convective system results in the increase of horizontal scale and intensification of several short convections. In terms of dynamic action, after the occurrence of convection, a meso-γ scale cyclonic vortex formed between the short convection and the low level jet core, causing the development of eastward convection. Meanwhile, the surface convergence line formed between the outflow of thunderstorm and the environmental wind triggers new convection in the south side of the short convection, making continuously development linearly to the south for the short convection. In terms of environmental conditions, multiple parallel low level jet cores provide favorable dynamic and thermal conditions for the development of convection. Inverse secondary circulation in the middle and upper levels occurred by the strong development of convection leads to the significant enhancement of atmospheric instability on the south side and the development of convection leads to the strengthen of deep vertical wind shear. (2) The interaction between the convections causes the maintenance of the short convection structure. Parallel convection forms parallel thunderstorm high pressure, and the interaction between the outflow of adjacent thunderstorms leads to the formation of multiple parallel positive and negative divergence pairs, thus bringing about multiple parallel zonal-vertical circulations between adjacent convections in the vertical direction. This is conducive to the maintenance and development of the structure of multiple short convections.
A warm sector severe convective event dominated by short-term heavy precipitation occurred in southern Anhui early in the morning of 27 May, 2023. The train effect formed by a number of north-south trend parallel meso-β scale short convections caused more than 100 mm sudden local heavy precipitation in 2 hours. The numerical simulation of this event was carried out by using WRF-EnKF, a rapid update assimilation system for service operation in Anhui Meteorological Observatory. The results show that (1) the interaction between large-scale environmental field and mesoscale convective system results in the increase of horizontal scale and intensification of several short convections. In terms of dynamic action, after the occurrence of convection, a meso-γ scale cyclonic vortex formed between the short convection and the low level jet core, causing the development of eastward convection. Meanwhile, the surface convergence line formed between the outflow of thunderstorm and the environmental wind triggers new convection in the south side of the short convection, making continuously development linearly to the south for the short convection. In terms of environmental conditions, multiple parallel low level jet cores provide favorable dynamic and thermal conditions for the development of convection. Inverse secondary circulation in the middle and upper levels occurred by the strong development of convection leads to the significant enhancement of atmospheric instability on the south side and the development of convection leads to the strengthen of deep vertical wind shear. (2) The interaction between the convections causes the maintenance of the short convection structure. Parallel convection forms parallel thunderstorm high pressure, and the interaction between the outflow of adjacent thunderstorms leads to the formation of multiple parallel positive and negative divergence pairs, thus bringing about multiple parallel zonal-vertical circulations between adjacent convections in the vertical direction. This is conducive to the maintenance and development of the structure of multiple short convections.
Available online: April 01, 2025 , DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2025.033101
Abstract:
Doppler weather radar is not only used for precipitation monitoring but also plays an important role in numerical weather prediction. The radial velocity of the weather radar can significantly improve the precipitation prediction ability of numerical models. However, the comparison between the radial velocity and the wind has not been carried out effectively due to the lack of comparison methods. The wind lidar can acquire high-precision wind field information. Therefore, the accuracy of radial velocity in weather radar can be analyzed by wind lidar. In this paper, the wind lidar is used to compare and analyze the radial velocity of Doppler weather radar. And it is found that Beijing Daxing weather radar in May 2023, has a mean value of 0.37 m/s of radial velocity difference, and a standard deviation of 3.66 m/s. Further research shows that the means of 23 days are within ±1 m/s, and the standard deviations of 25 days are less than 4 m/s. The results show that wind lidar can be used to detect velocity errors in weather radar caused by malfunctions. The research also showed that the radial velocities of the night-time weather radar clear-air echoes are representative of the wind field velocities and can be used in model assimilation.
Doppler weather radar is not only used for precipitation monitoring but also plays an important role in numerical weather prediction. The radial velocity of the weather radar can significantly improve the precipitation prediction ability of numerical models. However, the comparison between the radial velocity and the wind has not been carried out effectively due to the lack of comparison methods. The wind lidar can acquire high-precision wind field information. Therefore, the accuracy of radial velocity in weather radar can be analyzed by wind lidar. In this paper, the wind lidar is used to compare and analyze the radial velocity of Doppler weather radar. And it is found that Beijing Daxing weather radar in May 2023, has a mean value of 0.37 m/s of radial velocity difference, and a standard deviation of 3.66 m/s. Further research shows that the means of 23 days are within ±1 m/s, and the standard deviations of 25 days are less than 4 m/s. The results show that wind lidar can be used to detect velocity errors in weather radar caused by malfunctions. The research also showed that the radial velocities of the night-time weather radar clear-air echoes are representative of the wind field velocities and can be used in model assimilation.
Available online: April 01, 2025 , DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2025.040101
Abstract:
To evaluate the reliability of the atmospheric temperature profiles retrieved by the Microwave Radiometer (MWR) and the impact of sounding balloon drift on the temperature difference (δT) between MWR and radiosonde, more than two years of temperature profile derived from MWR are tested against those from radiosondes. A method for quantitative assessment of bias in radiosonde temperature caused by the drift of sounding balloon has been proposed. It is demonstrated that: (1) There are significant temporal and spatial changes in the consistency of the temperatures acquired by MWR (TMWR) and radiosonde (TSONDE). The correlation coefficients between TMWR and TSONDE are found to be higher in spring and autumn than in summer and winter, and better correlation is always detected at lower altitude for all seasons. (2) At a given altitude, the δT is significantly negatively correlated with the ambient temperature represented by TSONDE. The higher the temperature, the more obvious the underestimation of the temperature by the MWR, and vice versa, leading to a phenomenon of "overestimating low temperature and underestimating high temperature", which is more obvious at high altitudes than at low altitudes, and in winter and summer than in spring and autumn. (3) The drift of sounding balloon causes the sounding temperature to be higher than the actual temperature right above the radiosonde sites in all seasons, and the biases in radiosonde temperature records are negatively correlated with the environmental temperature. Therefore, sounding balloon drift causes MD to be overestimated, and the degree of dispersion in δT to be underestimated, resulting in underestimation of the correlation between δT and ambient temperature as well as the severity of "overestimating low temperature and underestimating high temperature" of MWR. Overall, the influence of sounding balloon drift on the standard deviation of δT and root mean square deviation of the microwave radiometer and radiosonde temperature is below 2%, and its contribution to δT is much smaller than that of the retrieval algorithm.
To evaluate the reliability of the atmospheric temperature profiles retrieved by the Microwave Radiometer (MWR) and the impact of sounding balloon drift on the temperature difference (δT) between MWR and radiosonde, more than two years of temperature profile derived from MWR are tested against those from radiosondes. A method for quantitative assessment of bias in radiosonde temperature caused by the drift of sounding balloon has been proposed. It is demonstrated that: (1) There are significant temporal and spatial changes in the consistency of the temperatures acquired by MWR (TMWR) and radiosonde (TSONDE). The correlation coefficients between TMWR and TSONDE are found to be higher in spring and autumn than in summer and winter, and better correlation is always detected at lower altitude for all seasons. (2) At a given altitude, the δT is significantly negatively correlated with the ambient temperature represented by TSONDE. The higher the temperature, the more obvious the underestimation of the temperature by the MWR, and vice versa, leading to a phenomenon of "overestimating low temperature and underestimating high temperature", which is more obvious at high altitudes than at low altitudes, and in winter and summer than in spring and autumn. (3) The drift of sounding balloon causes the sounding temperature to be higher than the actual temperature right above the radiosonde sites in all seasons, and the biases in radiosonde temperature records are negatively correlated with the environmental temperature. Therefore, sounding balloon drift causes MD to be overestimated, and the degree of dispersion in δT to be underestimated, resulting in underestimation of the correlation between δT and ambient temperature as well as the severity of "overestimating low temperature and underestimating high temperature" of MWR. Overall, the influence of sounding balloon drift on the standard deviation of δT and root mean square deviation of the microwave radiometer and radiosonde temperature is below 2%, and its contribution to δT is much smaller than that of the retrieval algorithm.
Available online: March 31, 2025 , DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2025.032901
Abstract:
South China is an important water vapor transport channel. Studying the water vapor budget in South China is essential for forecasting precipitation processes in South China and its neighboring areas, and comprehending the impact of atmospheric circulation changes on weather and climate in China. Based on ERA5 data, the variation trend of water vapor budget and its relationship with precipitation in South China during the recent 40 years (1983—2022) are analyzed. The results show that water vapor budget in South China mainly inputs from the southern and western boundaries, outputs from the northern and eastern boundaries. The net budget is negative. The water vapor budget shows declining trend, with a significant decrease in output from the eastern boundary. In the four seasons, the input and output significant declines during spring. Water vapor primarily inputs the South China region through the southwest direction of the Indian Ocean—Bay of Bengal and the southeast direction of the Western Pacific. Water vapor in the middle and lower layers (700 hPa) primarily transported from the Indian Ocean—Bay of Bengal, while water vapor in the lower layer (925 hPa) mainly originates from the Western Pacific. In the recent 40 years, water vapor transport in the Indian Ocean—Bay of Bengal and Western Pacific has weakened, and water vapor transport in the direction of northeast to southwest has appeared in South China. Water vapor transport was positively correlated with precipitation in most areas of Guangxi and Guangdong (correlation coefficient >0.6). The strengthening of water vapor transport in southwest China is the key reason of precipitation occurrence. In addition, there is a trend of wetting in the South China region, with a 2.32% increase in precipitation water vapor (PWV) during the recent 40 years, which is related to the decrease trend of total water vapor outflow in the region than that of total inflow. The results of this study can provide a reference for further understanding of water vapor budget changes and abnormal precipitation events in South China.
South China is an important water vapor transport channel. Studying the water vapor budget in South China is essential for forecasting precipitation processes in South China and its neighboring areas, and comprehending the impact of atmospheric circulation changes on weather and climate in China. Based on ERA5 data, the variation trend of water vapor budget and its relationship with precipitation in South China during the recent 40 years (1983—2022) are analyzed. The results show that water vapor budget in South China mainly inputs from the southern and western boundaries, outputs from the northern and eastern boundaries. The net budget is negative. The water vapor budget shows declining trend, with a significant decrease in output from the eastern boundary. In the four seasons, the input and output significant declines during spring. Water vapor primarily inputs the South China region through the southwest direction of the Indian Ocean—Bay of Bengal and the southeast direction of the Western Pacific. Water vapor in the middle and lower layers (700 hPa) primarily transported from the Indian Ocean—Bay of Bengal, while water vapor in the lower layer (925 hPa) mainly originates from the Western Pacific. In the recent 40 years, water vapor transport in the Indian Ocean—Bay of Bengal and Western Pacific has weakened, and water vapor transport in the direction of northeast to southwest has appeared in South China. Water vapor transport was positively correlated with precipitation in most areas of Guangxi and Guangdong (correlation coefficient >0.6). The strengthening of water vapor transport in southwest China is the key reason of precipitation occurrence. In addition, there is a trend of wetting in the South China region, with a 2.32% increase in precipitation water vapor (PWV) during the recent 40 years, which is related to the decrease trend of total water vapor outflow in the region than that of total inflow. The results of this study can provide a reference for further understanding of water vapor budget changes and abnormal precipitation events in South China.
Available online: March 26, 2025 , DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2025.032001
Abstract:
Using autumn precipitation data from 373 meteorological observation stations in West China from 1961 to 2022 and ERA5 daily reanalysis data provided by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). This study analysed the recent changes in the characteristics of both persistent and non-persistent types of extreme precipitation events during
Using autumn precipitation data from 373 meteorological observation stations in West China from 1961 to 2022 and ERA5 daily reanalysis data provided by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). This study analysed the recent changes in the characteristics of both persistent and non-persistent types of extreme precipitation events during
Available online: March 20, 2025 , DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2025.031902
Abstract:
Based on C-band weather radar products and multi-source observations, the persistent severe storm weather process and two major rainstorm monomers in southwest Yunnan was analyzed on 13-15 March 2023, and the results were as followed. The severe storm weather process occurred in the circulation background of the eastward retreat of the cold front on the ground, the establishment and intensification of the southwesterly rapids in the low (upper) air, and the persistent intrusion of the mid-level northwesterly flow, and the storm singletons mainly developed and intensified near the angle of the intersection of the mid- and high-altitude rapids. The continuous and stable transport of the low-level warm advection and the mid-level cold advection in southwest Yunnan intensifies the unstable stratification of the ambient atmosphere. The effective potential energy of convection is 826.6-1481.6 J·kg-1, the vertical wind shear from 0 to 3 km becomes 14.4-19.9 m·s-1, and that from 0 to 6 km becomes 27.6-34.5 m·s-1, and the unstable stratification of the high-level stratification and the strong shear environment are the main reasons for the development and maintenance of the catastrophic storms.The daytime storm was triggered by the coupling of southerly wind uplift forced by warm advection with weak surface convergence lines. The significant thermal and moisture contrast on either side of the Wuliang Mountains enhanced the storm"s development. In contrast, the nighttime storm initially formed near the mid-to-low-level baroclinic frontogenesis zone and was triggered by upslope lifting during its eastward movement, intensifying under the influence of the low-level southwesterly jet.Under the influence of diurnal variations and diverse topographic forcing, the radar echo characteristics of the storm cells exhibited distinct features. (1) Storm monomer No. 1 displayed radar echo morphologies such as an inflow notch, a bounded weak echo region (BWER), and a "V" notch, with radial velocity indicating a mesocyclone structure. During the hailfall period, the average composite reflectivity was 60.5 dBz, the average vertically integrated liquid (VIL) was 36.1 kg·m?2, and the average VIL density (VILD) was 4.0 g·m?3. In contrast, Storm monomer No. 2 exhibited a prominent rear-inflow jet (RIJ) and a forward-flank inflow notch (FIN), with more pronounced topographic responses in its echo, after crossing the Lancang River, the strong echo area, VIL, and VILD increased abruptly, with VILD rising from 1.7 g·m?3 to 4.5 g·m?3. (2) The life cycles and surface severe weather manifestations of the storm cells differed significantly. Cell 1 had a lifespan of 6 hours, accompanied by continuous hailfall during its influence period, with thunderstorm winds observed before and after its passage. The precipitation phase transitioned to a mix of hail and short-term heavy rainfall exceeding 20 mm·h?1 in the later stage. Cell 2 had a lifespan of 3 hours, with hailfall occurring only in the later stage of its development, and other types of convective weather were less intense.
Based on C-band weather radar products and multi-source observations, the persistent severe storm weather process and two major rainstorm monomers in southwest Yunnan was analyzed on 13-15 March 2023, and the results were as followed. The severe storm weather process occurred in the circulation background of the eastward retreat of the cold front on the ground, the establishment and intensification of the southwesterly rapids in the low (upper) air, and the persistent intrusion of the mid-level northwesterly flow, and the storm singletons mainly developed and intensified near the angle of the intersection of the mid- and high-altitude rapids. The continuous and stable transport of the low-level warm advection and the mid-level cold advection in southwest Yunnan intensifies the unstable stratification of the ambient atmosphere. The effective potential energy of convection is 826.6-1481.6 J·kg-1, the vertical wind shear from 0 to 3 km becomes 14.4-19.9 m·s-1, and that from 0 to 6 km becomes 27.6-34.5 m·s-1, and the unstable stratification of the high-level stratification and the strong shear environment are the main reasons for the development and maintenance of the catastrophic storms.The daytime storm was triggered by the coupling of southerly wind uplift forced by warm advection with weak surface convergence lines. The significant thermal and moisture contrast on either side of the Wuliang Mountains enhanced the storm"s development. In contrast, the nighttime storm initially formed near the mid-to-low-level baroclinic frontogenesis zone and was triggered by upslope lifting during its eastward movement, intensifying under the influence of the low-level southwesterly jet.Under the influence of diurnal variations and diverse topographic forcing, the radar echo characteristics of the storm cells exhibited distinct features. (1) Storm monomer No. 1 displayed radar echo morphologies such as an inflow notch, a bounded weak echo region (BWER), and a "V" notch, with radial velocity indicating a mesocyclone structure. During the hailfall period, the average composite reflectivity was 60.5 dBz, the average vertically integrated liquid (VIL) was 36.1 kg·m?2, and the average VIL density (VILD) was 4.0 g·m?3. In contrast, Storm monomer No. 2 exhibited a prominent rear-inflow jet (RIJ) and a forward-flank inflow notch (FIN), with more pronounced topographic responses in its echo, after crossing the Lancang River, the strong echo area, VIL, and VILD increased abruptly, with VILD rising from 1.7 g·m?3 to 4.5 g·m?3. (2) The life cycles and surface severe weather manifestations of the storm cells differed significantly. Cell 1 had a lifespan of 6 hours, accompanied by continuous hailfall during its influence period, with thunderstorm winds observed before and after its passage. The precipitation phase transitioned to a mix of hail and short-term heavy rainfall exceeding 20 mm·h?1 in the later stage. Cell 2 had a lifespan of 3 hours, with hailfall occurring only in the later stage of its development, and other types of convective weather were less intense.
Available online: March 20, 2025 , DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2025.031901
Abstract:
The boundary layer low-level jet plays an important role in the exchange of material and energy, and is closely related to precipitation, air pollution and other issues. Studying the boundary layer low-level jet helps to solve related problems and improve the quality of human life. During the study of the boundary layer low-level jet in Beijing by using the Doppler ladar data from March 2018 to February 2019, a special jet was found. This paper uses numerical simulation method to study the formation mechanism of this phenomenon. The results are as followed. The jet intensity is about 6 m·s-1, mainly from 02:00 to 09:00. The thickness of the jet is only about 500 m, and the height of the jet axis is only 200-300 m, which is obviously lower than that of the classical boundary layer low-level jet. The vertical wind shear is obvious. The dominant wind direction inside the jet is northeaster wind, while above the jet is southwest wind. The wind direction conversion area is also a weak wind speed area, which wraps the low-level jet, so it is called the weak wind speed zone boundary low-level jet (WBLLJ). Terrain forcing is the root cause of the formation of WBLLJ. Blocked by Taihang Mountains and Yanshan Mountains, under the joint action of night topographic cold discharge, a shallow northeaster wind control zone is formed in the plain area near the mountain, with 130 km length, 10 km width, and 600 m high. This wind zone is the location of the WBLLJ, and can also explain the cause of the low-level jet height. A large amount of cold air brought by the mountain wind at night will wedge into the bottom of the plain and form obvious topographic inversion. Under the action of the inversion layer, the atmospheric turbulent motion weakens rapidly, and the upper air flow is decoupled from the ground to form a low-level jet. With the thickening and southward expansion of the plain cold pool, the low-level jet continues to develop southward and upward. The low-level jet gradually weakens and dissipates with the dissipation of the inversion layer after sunrise. The WBLLJ plays an important role in the diffusion of atmospheric pollutants and the evolution of urban heat island in Beijing.
The boundary layer low-level jet plays an important role in the exchange of material and energy, and is closely related to precipitation, air pollution and other issues. Studying the boundary layer low-level jet helps to solve related problems and improve the quality of human life. During the study of the boundary layer low-level jet in Beijing by using the Doppler ladar data from March 2018 to February 2019, a special jet was found. This paper uses numerical simulation method to study the formation mechanism of this phenomenon. The results are as followed. The jet intensity is about 6 m·s-1, mainly from 02:00 to 09:00. The thickness of the jet is only about 500 m, and the height of the jet axis is only 200-300 m, which is obviously lower than that of the classical boundary layer low-level jet. The vertical wind shear is obvious. The dominant wind direction inside the jet is northeaster wind, while above the jet is southwest wind. The wind direction conversion area is also a weak wind speed area, which wraps the low-level jet, so it is called the weak wind speed zone boundary low-level jet (WBLLJ). Terrain forcing is the root cause of the formation of WBLLJ. Blocked by Taihang Mountains and Yanshan Mountains, under the joint action of night topographic cold discharge, a shallow northeaster wind control zone is formed in the plain area near the mountain, with 130 km length, 10 km width, and 600 m high. This wind zone is the location of the WBLLJ, and can also explain the cause of the low-level jet height. A large amount of cold air brought by the mountain wind at night will wedge into the bottom of the plain and form obvious topographic inversion. Under the action of the inversion layer, the atmospheric turbulent motion weakens rapidly, and the upper air flow is decoupled from the ground to form a low-level jet. With the thickening and southward expansion of the plain cold pool, the low-level jet continues to develop southward and upward. The low-level jet gradually weakens and dissipates with the dissipation of the inversion layer after sunrise. The WBLLJ plays an important role in the diffusion of atmospheric pollutants and the evolution of urban heat island in Beijing.
Available online: March 19, 2025 , DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2025.011604
Abstract:
In view of the extremely strong extreme rainstorm process caused by Typhoon Haikui (2311) , Doksuri (2305) and Megi (1617) in the coastal area of South China, using multi-source data such as National Ground Encryption Automatic Station Data, ERA5 and GDAS reanalysis data, the HYSPLIT 5.0 trajectory model Quantitative analysis the contribution of cold air and water vapor to transport paths and their different sources, the effects of different intensity cold air cooling and warming modes and water vapor transport on extreme precipitation were compared. The results show that different cold air intensity, path and water vapor transportation effect lead to different typhoon heavy precipitated area and intensity. Heavy precipitation area of Haikui tends to be zonal type along the easterly wind under the influence of the denatured cold air that originated in Mongolia. The weak cold air on the east and west routes of Megi originated from East and Central Asia in the West Siberia, respectively. And the precipitation have meridional type of Megi along the inverted trough under the influence of cold air. Even if there is no cold air affect Doksuri, the continuous train effect caused by Doksuri lead to extreme precipitation which along the southwest jet stream. The analysis also shows that the water vapor transport in the South China Sea and the western Pacific passage between Haikui and Doksuri is dominant(the contribution rate of water vapor is 90.4 % and 100 %, respectively), Rainfall is extreme; poor water vapor transport (25.5 %) in the South China Sea and the western Pacific leads to lower precipitation intensity in Megi than in Haikui and Doksuri, but the wider cold air affects the range of Megi extreme precipitation areas.
In view of the extremely strong extreme rainstorm process caused by Typhoon Haikui (2311) , Doksuri (2305) and Megi (1617) in the coastal area of South China, using multi-source data such as National Ground Encryption Automatic Station Data, ERA5 and GDAS reanalysis data, the HYSPLIT 5.0 trajectory model Quantitative analysis the contribution of cold air and water vapor to transport paths and their different sources, the effects of different intensity cold air cooling and warming modes and water vapor transport on extreme precipitation were compared. The results show that different cold air intensity, path and water vapor transportation effect lead to different typhoon heavy precipitated area and intensity. Heavy precipitation area of Haikui tends to be zonal type along the easterly wind under the influence of the denatured cold air that originated in Mongolia. The weak cold air on the east and west routes of Megi originated from East and Central Asia in the West Siberia, respectively. And the precipitation have meridional type of Megi along the inverted trough under the influence of cold air. Even if there is no cold air affect Doksuri, the continuous train effect caused by Doksuri lead to extreme precipitation which along the southwest jet stream. The analysis also shows that the water vapor transport in the South China Sea and the western Pacific passage between Haikui and Doksuri is dominant(the contribution rate of water vapor is 90.4 % and 100 %, respectively), Rainfall is extreme; poor water vapor transport (25.5 %) in the South China Sea and the western Pacific leads to lower precipitation intensity in Megi than in Haikui and Doksuri, but the wider cold air affects the range of Megi extreme precipitation areas.
Available online: March 17, 2025 , DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2024.121701
Abstract:
The three consecutive La Ni?a events occurred from 2020 to 2023 have been widespread concerned, which also led to various global weather and climate anomalies. By using the tropical cyclone datasets from the National Meteorological Center and the National Hurricane Center of the United States, the findings show that the number of tropical cyclones generated in the Northern Pacific in September 2022 is far more than the historical average over the same period, with the number of tropical cyclones in the Northeast Pacific reached the peak in the past 70 years. Based on the reanalysis datasets, this study analyzed the Dynamic Genesis Potential index and found that the vertical movement in the middle troposphere made a great contribution to the increased amount of tropical cyclones in the Northern Pacific. Further researches show that during the La Ni?a event, the temperature of warm pool in the Northwest Pacific continued to warm, convective activity near the Philippines enhanced and the southwesterlies over Maritime Continent strengthened, the subtropical high over the Northwest Pacific shifted northward. The emergence of low-level cyclonic circulation enhanced the ascending movement of the middle troposphere, which is favorable for the genesis of tropical cyclones. At the same time, the La Ni?a event led to an increase in the meridional temperature gradient over the Northeast Pacific, the meridional Hadley circulation being intensified, thus the upward movement over the middle and low latitudes strengthened. As the subtropical high located in western Mexico moves eastward, the number of active tropical cyclones in the Northeast Pacific increases.
The three consecutive La Ni?a events occurred from 2020 to 2023 have been widespread concerned, which also led to various global weather and climate anomalies. By using the tropical cyclone datasets from the National Meteorological Center and the National Hurricane Center of the United States, the findings show that the number of tropical cyclones generated in the Northern Pacific in September 2022 is far more than the historical average over the same period, with the number of tropical cyclones in the Northeast Pacific reached the peak in the past 70 years. Based on the reanalysis datasets, this study analyzed the Dynamic Genesis Potential index and found that the vertical movement in the middle troposphere made a great contribution to the increased amount of tropical cyclones in the Northern Pacific. Further researches show that during the La Ni?a event, the temperature of warm pool in the Northwest Pacific continued to warm, convective activity near the Philippines enhanced and the southwesterlies over Maritime Continent strengthened, the subtropical high over the Northwest Pacific shifted northward. The emergence of low-level cyclonic circulation enhanced the ascending movement of the middle troposphere, which is favorable for the genesis of tropical cyclones. At the same time, the La Ni?a event led to an increase in the meridional temperature gradient over the Northeast Pacific, the meridional Hadley circulation being intensified, thus the upward movement over the middle and low latitudes strengthened. As the subtropical high located in western Mexico moves eastward, the number of active tropical cyclones in the Northeast Pacific increases.
Available online: March 14, 2025 , DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2025.012301
Abstract:
An extreme torrential rain event occurred in Yichang on 22 April 2018, which was mainly caused by highly organized severe rainfall mesoscale convection system (MCS).Based on conventional observations,the data from regional automatic weather stations, radar data and ERA5 reanalysis data,we have performed the organizational characteristics and formation mechanism of extreme severe rainfall MCS.Results are as follows.(1)The extreme rainstorm event occurred under the background of weak forcing at high level and weak forcing turning into strong forcing at low level which was accompanied by strong frontogenesis.High temperature, high humidity and extremely unstable atmospheric environment were conducive to the occurrence of heavy rainfall.(2)That, the warm and wet easterly air at low level was forced to lift by the ‘C’ terrain in the east of Yichang, triggered the severe rainfall echoes in mountainous plain transition area.The warm and wet southeast or easterly wind at top of the boundary layer reverted warm trough triggered dispersed flocculent convection in the plain area from Yidu to Gongan.(3)The organization of extreme severe rainfall MCS had experienced merging stage and vortex stage.Under the influence of weak synoptic-scale forcing, MCS in mountainous plain transition area spread to southeast along the low-lying terrain, and merged along three paths with the warm area flocculent echoes from the plain to north.The third one was the continuous merger of the east-west MCS formed by the low-level east-west frontal zone and the ground convergence line,which moved toward west under the guidance of the middle and low level easterly jet, and the south-north MCS in mountainous plain transition area, which resulted in the strongest precipitation stage.The mesoscale cyclonic circulation, composed of MCS cold outflow and ambient airflow, and the latent heat of heavy rainfall heating the middle atmosphere were conducive to the organization, development and strengthening of vortex MCS. The water vapor energy transport of the low-level warm and wet easterly jet stream was conducive to the long-term maintenance of the vortex MCS. (4)The extreme heavy precipitation mainly occurred in the merging stage and the long-duration vortex stage of MCS. Synoptic-scale system forcing, low-level strong frontogenesis, mesoscale topography and positive feedback of mesoscale weather system were the important causes of the formation of this extreme severe rainfall.
An extreme torrential rain event occurred in Yichang on 22 April 2018, which was mainly caused by highly organized severe rainfall mesoscale convection system (MCS).Based on conventional observations,the data from regional automatic weather stations, radar data and ERA5 reanalysis data,we have performed the organizational characteristics and formation mechanism of extreme severe rainfall MCS.Results are as follows.(1)The extreme rainstorm event occurred under the background of weak forcing at high level and weak forcing turning into strong forcing at low level which was accompanied by strong frontogenesis.High temperature, high humidity and extremely unstable atmospheric environment were conducive to the occurrence of heavy rainfall.(2)That, the warm and wet easterly air at low level was forced to lift by the ‘C’ terrain in the east of Yichang, triggered the severe rainfall echoes in mountainous plain transition area.The warm and wet southeast or easterly wind at top of the boundary layer reverted warm trough triggered dispersed flocculent convection in the plain area from Yidu to Gongan.(3)The organization of extreme severe rainfall MCS had experienced merging stage and vortex stage.Under the influence of weak synoptic-scale forcing, MCS in mountainous plain transition area spread to southeast along the low-lying terrain, and merged along three paths with the warm area flocculent echoes from the plain to north.The third one was the continuous merger of the east-west MCS formed by the low-level east-west frontal zone and the ground convergence line,which moved toward west under the guidance of the middle and low level easterly jet, and the south-north MCS in mountainous plain transition area, which resulted in the strongest precipitation stage.The mesoscale cyclonic circulation, composed of MCS cold outflow and ambient airflow, and the latent heat of heavy rainfall heating the middle atmosphere were conducive to the organization, development and strengthening of vortex MCS. The water vapor energy transport of the low-level warm and wet easterly jet stream was conducive to the long-term maintenance of the vortex MCS. (4)The extreme heavy precipitation mainly occurred in the merging stage and the long-duration vortex stage of MCS. Synoptic-scale system forcing, low-level strong frontogenesis, mesoscale topography and positive feedback of mesoscale weather system were the important causes of the formation of this extreme severe rainfall.
Available online: March 11, 2025 , DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2025.022601
Abstract:
A cumuliform cloud with supercooled water is the condition required for the icing test flight, which is referred to as supercooled cumuliform cloud in this paper. On the basis of the cloud phase state, cloud classification and liquid water top height data from CloudSat-CALIPSO cloud products and the air temperature from ERA5 reanalysis data, focusing on the local solar afternoon data with good interannual continuity, the historical supercooled cloud sample data over China from 2006-2019 were derived, and the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of supercooled cumuliform clouds were analyzed. The supercooled cumuliform clouds in China most occur in the eastern part of the Qinghai?Xizang Plateau and extend to central China via the Yunnan–Guizhou–Sichuan region, with an annual average occurrence frequency of 0.4. The high value areas of supercooled cumuliform clouds are more westward than that of supercooled stratiform cloud and the occurrence frequency is higher. The occurrence frequencies of the four types of supercooled cumuliform clouds in descending order were as follows: altocumulus over Southwest China, Central China, and East China; stratocumulus over the plateau and the eastern sea surface; cumulus over the southern side of the plateau; and deep convection over Yunnan, Central China, and the southeast land and sea. In winter, there are three high-value centers over Sichuan, Guizhou, the ocean over eastern China, and the Sea of Japan, while the high-value center in summer extends from the eastern part of the Qinghai–Xizang Plateau to other locations on the plateau and the surrounding mountainous areas. In addition, the interannual variation of supercooled cumuliform clouds showed significant increasing trends in January in central China, the west of Northwest China and the west of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.
A cumuliform cloud with supercooled water is the condition required for the icing test flight, which is referred to as supercooled cumuliform cloud in this paper. On the basis of the cloud phase state, cloud classification and liquid water top height data from CloudSat-CALIPSO cloud products and the air temperature from ERA5 reanalysis data, focusing on the local solar afternoon data with good interannual continuity, the historical supercooled cloud sample data over China from 2006-2019 were derived, and the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of supercooled cumuliform clouds were analyzed. The supercooled cumuliform clouds in China most occur in the eastern part of the Qinghai?Xizang Plateau and extend to central China via the Yunnan–Guizhou–Sichuan region, with an annual average occurrence frequency of 0.4. The high value areas of supercooled cumuliform clouds are more westward than that of supercooled stratiform cloud and the occurrence frequency is higher. The occurrence frequencies of the four types of supercooled cumuliform clouds in descending order were as follows: altocumulus over Southwest China, Central China, and East China; stratocumulus over the plateau and the eastern sea surface; cumulus over the southern side of the plateau; and deep convection over Yunnan, Central China, and the southeast land and sea. In winter, there are three high-value centers over Sichuan, Guizhou, the ocean over eastern China, and the Sea of Japan, while the high-value center in summer extends from the eastern part of the Qinghai–Xizang Plateau to other locations on the plateau and the surrounding mountainous areas. In addition, the interannual variation of supercooled cumuliform clouds showed significant increasing trends in January in central China, the west of Northwest China and the west of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.
Available online: March 10, 2025 , DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2024.122602
Abstract:
This study investigates the evolution mechanism of a long-life convective-scale updraft in outer rainband of numerically simulated sheared tropical cyclone (TC). The updraft originates on the downshear right quadrant of outer rainband within a sheared TC with a lifespan of 2.5-hour. This updraft undergoes two intensification processes and displays complex evolutionary characteristics with two peaks in vertical mass flux. Results show that strong localized vertical wind shear and low-level high-value equivalent potential temperature are the main favorable environmental factors maintaining an updraft long life cycle. The strengthening and weakening of neighboring convective cells lead to different responses to updraft intensity by adjusting the variation of local equivalent potential temperature. The vertical momentum budget suggests that an updraft is growing when it is dominated by positive buoyancy pressure gradient acceleration and positive thermal buoyancy, yet there are differences between the two strengthening mechanisms. In the first intensification stage, the development of neighboring convective cells cause an increase in the equivalent potential temperature at lower levels. Moreover, the increase in updraft tilt and the latent heating lead to a significant increase in thermal buoyancy, resulting in a larger vertical velocity. In the early second intensification stage, the occurrence and development of new convective cells in the vicinity of the focused updraft induce an increase in localized equivalent potential temperature. Subsequently, however, the mature and dissipation of these neighboring convective cells lead to downward motion stronger and localized equivalent potential temperature decrease, resulting in smaller thermal buoyancy and smaller vertical velocity. Analogous to the weakening mechanism of convective cells in mid-latitudes, during the weakening phase, the focused updraft exhibits a decrease in tilt, and then force a downdraft directly beneath it. This downdraft and downdrafts of neighboring convective cells carry low-value equivalent potential temperature toward the lower layers to form a surface cold pool. Consequently, thermal buoyancy tends to decrease with decreasing equivalent potential temperature at lower layers, which suppress the growth of the focused updraft. In addition, the negative contribution of water loading is harmful to the development of the focused updraft. The imbalance between thermal buoyancy, buoyancy pressure gradient acceleration, and water loading constitute the primary physical mechanism responsible for the prolonged evolution of the updraft. However, a tilted updraft structure can also influence its own development.
This study investigates the evolution mechanism of a long-life convective-scale updraft in outer rainband of numerically simulated sheared tropical cyclone (TC). The updraft originates on the downshear right quadrant of outer rainband within a sheared TC with a lifespan of 2.5-hour. This updraft undergoes two intensification processes and displays complex evolutionary characteristics with two peaks in vertical mass flux. Results show that strong localized vertical wind shear and low-level high-value equivalent potential temperature are the main favorable environmental factors maintaining an updraft long life cycle. The strengthening and weakening of neighboring convective cells lead to different responses to updraft intensity by adjusting the variation of local equivalent potential temperature. The vertical momentum budget suggests that an updraft is growing when it is dominated by positive buoyancy pressure gradient acceleration and positive thermal buoyancy, yet there are differences between the two strengthening mechanisms. In the first intensification stage, the development of neighboring convective cells cause an increase in the equivalent potential temperature at lower levels. Moreover, the increase in updraft tilt and the latent heating lead to a significant increase in thermal buoyancy, resulting in a larger vertical velocity. In the early second intensification stage, the occurrence and development of new convective cells in the vicinity of the focused updraft induce an increase in localized equivalent potential temperature. Subsequently, however, the mature and dissipation of these neighboring convective cells lead to downward motion stronger and localized equivalent potential temperature decrease, resulting in smaller thermal buoyancy and smaller vertical velocity. Analogous to the weakening mechanism of convective cells in mid-latitudes, during the weakening phase, the focused updraft exhibits a decrease in tilt, and then force a downdraft directly beneath it. This downdraft and downdrafts of neighboring convective cells carry low-value equivalent potential temperature toward the lower layers to form a surface cold pool. Consequently, thermal buoyancy tends to decrease with decreasing equivalent potential temperature at lower layers, which suppress the growth of the focused updraft. In addition, the negative contribution of water loading is harmful to the development of the focused updraft. The imbalance between thermal buoyancy, buoyancy pressure gradient acceleration, and water loading constitute the primary physical mechanism responsible for the prolonged evolution of the updraft. However, a tilted updraft structure can also influence its own development.
Available online: February 28, 2025 , DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2025.010203
Abstract:
By using automatic station, reanalysis data, lightning location and multi-band radar, the environmental conditions and severe storm structure of the winter elevated thunderstorm in Zhejiang Province on February 21, 2024 were analyzed. The results show that: This process occurred in front of the upper south trough and the north side of the surface cold front. The stratification configuration was "cold and wet - cold and dry - warm and wet" from bottom to top, and the low-level stratification was stable, so it belonged to a typical elevated thunderstorm. The deep inversion layer and strong vertical wind shear were conducive to the occurrence of elevated thunderstorms. The saturation pseudo-equivalent potential temperature above the inversion layer decreased with height, and the slope of the pseudoequivalent potential temperature contours in the middle layer are greater than the absolute geostrophic momentum, which mean conditional instability and conditional symmetric instability, could result to the rapidly developed convection. Severe storm was of a forward propagating type and always Leaned forward while moving. During the intense development stage of the storm, the frequency of cloud flash increased significantly, and the area of hail corresponded to the area of dense cloud flash. The cloud flash distribution height was 4～14km. The ZH core over the hail point was initially located above the 0℃ layer height, and there are many ice crystal particles in the core area, which melt during the falling process to form a mixed particle accumulation area, and fell to the ground as rain and hail.
By using automatic station, reanalysis data, lightning location and multi-band radar, the environmental conditions and severe storm structure of the winter elevated thunderstorm in Zhejiang Province on February 21, 2024 were analyzed. The results show that: This process occurred in front of the upper south trough and the north side of the surface cold front. The stratification configuration was "cold and wet - cold and dry - warm and wet" from bottom to top, and the low-level stratification was stable, so it belonged to a typical elevated thunderstorm. The deep inversion layer and strong vertical wind shear were conducive to the occurrence of elevated thunderstorms. The saturation pseudo-equivalent potential temperature above the inversion layer decreased with height, and the slope of the pseudoequivalent potential temperature contours in the middle layer are greater than the absolute geostrophic momentum, which mean conditional instability and conditional symmetric instability, could result to the rapidly developed convection. Severe storm was of a forward propagating type and always Leaned forward while moving. During the intense development stage of the storm, the frequency of cloud flash increased significantly, and the area of hail corresponded to the area of dense cloud flash. The cloud flash distribution height was 4～14km. The ZH core over the hail point was initially located above the 0℃ layer height, and there are many ice crystal particles in the core area, which melt during the falling process to form a mixed particle accumulation area, and fell to the ground as rain and hail.
Available online: February 26, 2025 , DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2025.010202
Abstract:
The continuous heavy rainfall during the Meiyu season in 2020 (May 29 to July 17) led to event since the construction of the Xinanjiang Reservoir and the first time that all the sluices were fully opened. Refined precipitation forecasts are of great support to flood control efforts in the basin. Based on observed precipitation data from various stations, this study examines the forecast performance of four global models and five regional models regarding both overall precipitation patterns and area-specific rainfall within Xin"an River Basin. Additionally, it focuses on evaluating the predictive capabilities of these models regarding extreme and cumulative precipitation effects in the basin to determine whether they can meet the demand of reservoir flood discharge forecasting service. Furthermore, an analysis is conducted to assess how topographic height influences each model"s precipitation forecasts. The results show that: (1) The global model consistently yielded lower precipitation forecast results compared to the regional model. The regional model exhibited high accuracy but had relatively large variability among its predictions. The regional multi-model ensemble average demonstrated superior forecast performance than single model results. (2) The regional model performed well in forecasting rainfall ranging from rainstorm to heavy rainstorm; however, there were some discrepancies in predicting the magnitude and timing of heavy rainstorms. (3) Compare to forecast evaluation of single-day precipitation in models it is more instructive to comprehensively consider the cumulative effects and extreme of precipitation predicted by the models. (4) Topographic height significantly influences extreme rainfall prediction for heavy rainfall events and above. As topographic height increases, the advantage of using a regional model becomes evident while the predictive ability of a global model for heavy rainfall events decreases. Especially for ZJWARMS and ZJWARRS, the TS score has increased from below 0.1 to approximately 0.15. Additionally, moderate or lighter intensity rains do not exhibit significant prediction effects.
The continuous heavy rainfall during the Meiyu season in 2020 (May 29 to July 17) led to event since the construction of the Xinanjiang Reservoir and the first time that all the sluices were fully opened. Refined precipitation forecasts are of great support to flood control efforts in the basin. Based on observed precipitation data from various stations, this study examines the forecast performance of four global models and five regional models regarding both overall precipitation patterns and area-specific rainfall within Xin"an River Basin. Additionally, it focuses on evaluating the predictive capabilities of these models regarding extreme and cumulative precipitation effects in the basin to determine whether they can meet the demand of reservoir flood discharge forecasting service. Furthermore, an analysis is conducted to assess how topographic height influences each model"s precipitation forecasts. The results show that: (1) The global model consistently yielded lower precipitation forecast results compared to the regional model. The regional model exhibited high accuracy but had relatively large variability among its predictions. The regional multi-model ensemble average demonstrated superior forecast performance than single model results. (2) The regional model performed well in forecasting rainfall ranging from rainstorm to heavy rainstorm; however, there were some discrepancies in predicting the magnitude and timing of heavy rainstorms. (3) Compare to forecast evaluation of single-day precipitation in models it is more instructive to comprehensively consider the cumulative effects and extreme of precipitation predicted by the models. (4) Topographic height significantly influences extreme rainfall prediction for heavy rainfall events and above. As topographic height increases, the advantage of using a regional model becomes evident while the predictive ability of a global model for heavy rainfall events decreases. Especially for ZJWARMS and ZJWARRS, the TS score has increased from below 0.1 to approximately 0.15. Additionally, moderate or lighter intensity rains do not exhibit significant prediction effects.
Available online: February 19, 2025 , DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2025.021801
Abstract:
Based on the hourly precipitation data of 122 national meteorological stations in Shandong from 1966 to 2023, the frequency variation of heavy precipitation are analyzed. Different marginal distribution functions are used to fit the duration and amount of precipitation and the change patterns of the return periods of heavy precipitation with different durations based on Copula function are investigated. The results are as followed. There is a significant dependence relation between the duration and amount of heavy precipitation, which can be fitted well using generalized extreme values and logarithmic normal distribution functions. The Gumbel Copula and Clayton Copula functions are suitable for portraying the dependence structure of the binary variables of the short-duration heavy precipitation in Shandong, while the Clayton Copula function is more appropriate when the precipitation lasts more than 8 h. The return period estimated by daily precipitation may seriously underestimate the hazard of short-duration heavy precipitation. For a short-duration heavy precipitation event under the same hazard-bearing condition, the shorter the duration, the longer the joint return period. The high-value areas of joint return period estimated by the Copula function gradually narrow down from the east and the south of Shandong to the east of Shandong with the increase of precipitation duration, and especially, the hazard of heavy precipitation that comes along once every 60 years is higher in the east and the south of Shandong. This method can more scientifically describe the disaster risks of heavy precipitation in different scenarios, especially in the short-duration heavy precipitation scenario, providing scientific reference for disaster prevention and mitigation planning and disaster risk managing in Shandong.
Based on the hourly precipitation data of 122 national meteorological stations in Shandong from 1966 to 2023, the frequency variation of heavy precipitation are analyzed. Different marginal distribution functions are used to fit the duration and amount of precipitation and the change patterns of the return periods of heavy precipitation with different durations based on Copula function are investigated. The results are as followed. There is a significant dependence relation between the duration and amount of heavy precipitation, which can be fitted well using generalized extreme values and logarithmic normal distribution functions. The Gumbel Copula and Clayton Copula functions are suitable for portraying the dependence structure of the binary variables of the short-duration heavy precipitation in Shandong, while the Clayton Copula function is more appropriate when the precipitation lasts more than 8 h. The return period estimated by daily precipitation may seriously underestimate the hazard of short-duration heavy precipitation. For a short-duration heavy precipitation event under the same hazard-bearing condition, the shorter the duration, the longer the joint return period. The high-value areas of joint return period estimated by the Copula function gradually narrow down from the east and the south of Shandong to the east of Shandong with the increase of precipitation duration, and especially, the hazard of heavy precipitation that comes along once every 60 years is higher in the east and the south of Shandong. This method can more scientifically describe the disaster risks of heavy precipitation in different scenarios, especially in the short-duration heavy precipitation scenario, providing scientific reference for disaster prevention and mitigation planning and disaster risk managing in Shandong.
Available online: February 19, 2025 , DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2024.122703
Abstract:
Based on the observation data of Guyuan C-band Doppler weather radar and X-band dual polarization radar, combined with ERA5 hourly reanalysis, Himawari-8 satellite, automatic weather station and conventional observation data, the causation and radar observation characteristics of a local outsize hail (diameter ≥ 5 cm) event which occurred in Liupan Moutains area of Ningxia on 12 July 2021 is analyzed. The results show that: (1) The supercell storm formed by the merger and development of multicell storm caused the occurrence of outsize hail. The mesoscale ground convergence line, mesoscale cyclone and local circulation in Liupan Moutains area were the main triggering and enhancing systems of mesoscale convective systems (MCS), and also affected the movement direction of MCS. (2) When the large hail occured, the C-band radar composite reflectivity (Z) ≥ 65 dBZ, three-body scatter spike (TBSS) length ≥ 20 km, vertically integrated liquid water content (VIL) ≥ 40 kg·m-2. The cross-correlation coefficient (CC) in the high-value area of the low layer horizontal reflectivity (ZH) of X-band radar was less than 0.8, and the differential reflectivity (ZDR) and specific differential phase (KDP) of the mid to high layer ZH high-value area were negative and CC ＜ 0.8. (3) When the outsize hail occured, Z ≥ 70 dBZ, TBSS length ≥ 30 km, VIL ≥ 50 kg·m-2 for the C-band radar. CC in the low layer ZH high-value area of the X-band radar was less than 0.6 and the "hole" formed in the area with CC ＜ 0.5 helped to identify the area and altitude of outsize hail in the air. (4) ZDR columns and CC rings near the bounded weak echo zone could indicate the position of strong updrafts in the middle and upper layers of supercell. ZH and dual polarization parameter characteristics had good indicative significance for the identification and warning of different hail sizes.
Based on the observation data of Guyuan C-band Doppler weather radar and X-band dual polarization radar, combined with ERA5 hourly reanalysis, Himawari-8 satellite, automatic weather station and conventional observation data, the causation and radar observation characteristics of a local outsize hail (diameter ≥ 5 cm) event which occurred in Liupan Moutains area of Ningxia on 12 July 2021 is analyzed. The results show that: (1) The supercell storm formed by the merger and development of multicell storm caused the occurrence of outsize hail. The mesoscale ground convergence line, mesoscale cyclone and local circulation in Liupan Moutains area were the main triggering and enhancing systems of mesoscale convective systems (MCS), and also affected the movement direction of MCS. (2) When the large hail occured, the C-band radar composite reflectivity (Z) ≥ 65 dBZ, three-body scatter spike (TBSS) length ≥ 20 km, vertically integrated liquid water content (VIL) ≥ 40 kg·m-2. The cross-correlation coefficient (CC) in the high-value area of the low layer horizontal reflectivity (ZH) of X-band radar was less than 0.8, and the differential reflectivity (ZDR) and specific differential phase (KDP) of the mid to high layer ZH high-value area were negative and CC ＜ 0.8. (3) When the outsize hail occured, Z ≥ 70 dBZ, TBSS length ≥ 30 km, VIL ≥ 50 kg·m-2 for the C-band radar. CC in the low layer ZH high-value area of the X-band radar was less than 0.6 and the "hole" formed in the area with CC ＜ 0.5 helped to identify the area and altitude of outsize hail in the air. (4) ZDR columns and CC rings near the bounded weak echo zone could indicate the position of strong updrafts in the middle and upper layers of supercell. ZH and dual polarization parameter characteristics had good indicative significance for the identification and warning of different hail sizes.
Available online: February 18, 2025 , DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2025.021601
Abstract:
Based on the parallel observation data of GTS12 and GTS1 radiosondes from 89 high altitude meteorological observation stations in China and the model forecast field data of CMA-GFS, a comparative analysis and evaluation of the observation data of the two radiosondes on each mandatory level were conducted. The results show that the GTS12 radiosonde and GTS1 radiosonde have good consistency in temperature and geopotential height observation data, the absolute value of bias of temperature and geopotential height are less than 0.5 ℃ and 30.0 gpm except for a few mandatory levels. The relative humidity observation data of GTS12 radiosonde is about4.6 % larger than that of GTS1 radiosonde. For the stability of observation data, there is not much difference between the two types of radiosondes on the middle and lower mandatory levels. On the upper mandatory levels, the temperature and geopotential height of the GTS12 radiosonde are significantly better than those of the GTS1 radiosonde, but the relative humidity is slightly worse than that of the GTS1 radiosonde. The absolute average bias of temperature observed by GTS12 radiosonde and GTS1 radiosonde relative to the CMA-GFS model data is about 0.34 ℃ and 0.44 ℃, respectively. The average root mean square error is about 1.23 ℃ and 1.31 ℃, and the average related coefficient is about 0.908 and 0.916, respectively. The corresponding of geopotential heights are 11.05 gpm and 14.97 gpm, 18.76 gpm and 25.16 gpm, 0.948 and 0.934. The corresponding of relative humidity are 5.26% and 8.59%, 16.19% and 18.44%, 0.687 and 0.627. indicating that the consistency between the observation data of the GTS12 radiosonde and the CMA-GFS model data is better than that of the GTS1 radiosonde.
Based on the parallel observation data of GTS12 and GTS1 radiosondes from 89 high altitude meteorological observation stations in China and the model forecast field data of CMA-GFS, a comparative analysis and evaluation of the observation data of the two radiosondes on each mandatory level were conducted. The results show that the GTS12 radiosonde and GTS1 radiosonde have good consistency in temperature and geopotential height observation data, the absolute value of bias of temperature and geopotential height are less than 0.5 ℃ and 30.0 gpm except for a few mandatory levels. The relative humidity observation data of GTS12 radiosonde is about4.6 % larger than that of GTS1 radiosonde. For the stability of observation data, there is not much difference between the two types of radiosondes on the middle and lower mandatory levels. On the upper mandatory levels, the temperature and geopotential height of the GTS12 radiosonde are significantly better than those of the GTS1 radiosonde, but the relative humidity is slightly worse than that of the GTS1 radiosonde. The absolute average bias of temperature observed by GTS12 radiosonde and GTS1 radiosonde relative to the CMA-GFS model data is about 0.34 ℃ and 0.44 ℃, respectively. The average root mean square error is about 1.23 ℃ and 1.31 ℃, and the average related coefficient is about 0.908 and 0.916, respectively. The corresponding of geopotential heights are 11.05 gpm and 14.97 gpm, 18.76 gpm and 25.16 gpm, 0.948 and 0.934. The corresponding of relative humidity are 5.26% and 8.59%, 16.19% and 18.44%, 0.687 and 0.627. indicating that the consistency between the observation data of the GTS12 radiosonde and the CMA-GFS model data is better than that of the GTS1 radiosonde.
Available online: February 18, 2025 , DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2025.011603
Abstract:
On August 13, 2022, a local severe convection occurred near the coast of Shanghai under the control of Western Pacific subtropical high. This event displayed characteristics of a short life span, strong local manifestation, and high intensity. Using data from minute-level ground automatic weather stations, FY-4A geostationary meteorological satellite visible light cloud images, and dual-polarization radar reflectivity factor, a study was conducted on the short-range forecasting techniques and causes of this local strong convection, employing diagnostic variables such as Q vector, perturbation dew point temperature and perturbation temperature. The findings are as follows:(1) The occurrence of precipitation at the ground level was identified as the sign of local strong convective events. By analyzing radar reflectivity factor, satellite visible light cloud images, and Q vector divergence combined with perturbation dew point temperature and perturbation temperature data from ground automatic weather stations, advanced warnings of the convective event could be issued 23, 70, and 100 minutes in advance, respectively. This integrated monitoring and mutual verification of the atmospheric, satellite, and ground observations not only improved the lead time of early warnings for local severe convection but also reduced missed detections. (2) Under the control of the Western Pacific subtropical high-pressure system, temperatures exceeding 35 ℃, combined with the perturbations in temperature and dew point near the urban area, provided favorable thermodynamic conditions for the initiation of deep convection. Simultaneously, differences in land and water underlying characteristics led to higher temperatures on urban land compared to the adjacent Yangtze River water, generating onshore winds. On one hand, this process experienced abrupt changes in land-water underlying characteristics and complex urban land surfaces, causing convergence of wind direction and speed. On the other hand, the convergence of warm and cold air led to atmospheric instability, providing favorable local dynamic forcing conditions. (3) Further analysis reveals that the appearance of significant Q vector divergence convergence at the surface, persisting until surface precipitation occurs, indicates the generation of vertical upward motion due to the dynamic and thermal forcing at the surface. Furthermore, the interaction between the sea breeze front and the convergence-induced updrafts from the urban heat island results in local severe convection.
On August 13, 2022, a local severe convection occurred near the coast of Shanghai under the control of Western Pacific subtropical high. This event displayed characteristics of a short life span, strong local manifestation, and high intensity. Using data from minute-level ground automatic weather stations, FY-4A geostationary meteorological satellite visible light cloud images, and dual-polarization radar reflectivity factor, a study was conducted on the short-range forecasting techniques and causes of this local strong convection, employing diagnostic variables such as Q vector, perturbation dew point temperature and perturbation temperature. The findings are as follows:(1) The occurrence of precipitation at the ground level was identified as the sign of local strong convective events. By analyzing radar reflectivity factor, satellite visible light cloud images, and Q vector divergence combined with perturbation dew point temperature and perturbation temperature data from ground automatic weather stations, advanced warnings of the convective event could be issued 23, 70, and 100 minutes in advance, respectively. This integrated monitoring and mutual verification of the atmospheric, satellite, and ground observations not only improved the lead time of early warnings for local severe convection but also reduced missed detections. (2) Under the control of the Western Pacific subtropical high-pressure system, temperatures exceeding 35 ℃, combined with the perturbations in temperature and dew point near the urban area, provided favorable thermodynamic conditions for the initiation of deep convection. Simultaneously, differences in land and water underlying characteristics led to higher temperatures on urban land compared to the adjacent Yangtze River water, generating onshore winds. On one hand, this process experienced abrupt changes in land-water underlying characteristics and complex urban land surfaces, causing convergence of wind direction and speed. On the other hand, the convergence of warm and cold air led to atmospheric instability, providing favorable local dynamic forcing conditions. (3) Further analysis reveals that the appearance of significant Q vector divergence convergence at the surface, persisting until surface precipitation occurs, indicates the generation of vertical upward motion due to the dynamic and thermal forcing at the surface. Furthermore, the interaction between the sea breeze front and the convergence-induced updrafts from the urban heat island results in local severe convection.
Available online: February 16, 2025 , DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2025.021401
Abstract:
Based on the weather radar equation, identify the key factors that affect the accuracy of weather radar echo intensity measurement. Radar transmission power is the key variable that is most prone to fluctuations in radar performance parameters, which affects the accuracy of radar measurement; The dynamic range of the receiver is a key indicator for measuring the stability of the receiving channel, which directly affects the measurement results of the echo power. An excellent weather radar system should have functions such as online monitoring, calibration, and correction of key performance parameters. This paper statistically analyzed data samples accumulated over the years from 12 networked radars in Guangdong, and tested the effectiveness of CINRAD/SA-D radar intensity calibration and online correction; The necessity of offline calibration of networked radar is demonstrated through the comparison and stability analysis of key performance parameters. Additionally, the first volume scan data collected when th
Based on the weather radar equation, identify the key factors that affect the accuracy of weather radar echo intensity measurement. Radar transmission power is the key variable that is most prone to fluctuations in radar performance parameters, which affects the accuracy of radar measurement; The dynamic range of the receiver is a key indicator for measuring the stability of the receiving channel, which directly affects the measurement results of the echo power. An excellent weather radar system should have functions such as online monitoring, calibration, and correction of key performance parameters. This paper statistically analyzed data samples accumulated over the years from 12 networked radars in Guangdong, and tested the effectiveness of CINRAD/SA-D radar intensity calibration and online correction; The necessity of offline calibration of networked radar is demonstrated through the comparison and stability analysis of key performance parameters. Additionally, the first volume scan data collected when th
Available online: February 13, 2025 , DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2025.011501
Abstract:
During May 21 to June 21 in 2022, the strongest dragon-boat precipitation process in the last decade occurred in South China. The extreme dragon-boat precipitation process, with a large cumulative rainfall and frequent heavy rainfall processes, caused significant economic losses. In this paper, two operational models, TRAMS and ECMWF, which are commonly used by forecasters in South China, are selected to divide the torrential rain during dragon-boat precipitation into front-zone torrential rain and warm-sector torrential rain, and are verified and evaluated, in order to understand the characteristics of the two models’ biases for the front-zone torrential rain and warm-sector torrential rain under the background of the extreme dragon-boat precipitation. Compared with the traditional point-to-point method, the MODE method can effectively avoid the phenomenon of high false alarm ratio caused by precipitation position deviation in the model. Further analysis of the number, position, precipitation area and intensity of torrential rain objects based on MODE method shows that the high-resolution model TRAMS has better ability to identify and match torrential rain objects than the global model ECMWF. The position prediction of torrential rain by TRAMS mostly has a eastward bias, while ECMWF has a northward bias. The deviations in precipitation position are closely related to the differences in the forecast bias of the two models for low-level southwesterly flow. The area prediction of the front-zone torrential rain by TRAMS is close to the observation, while the forecast area of warm-sector torrential rain is large. The forecast areas of ECMWF for both front-zone torrential rain and warm-sector torrential rain are small. The prediction of torrential rain intensity and extreme value by TRAMS is closer to the observation than that by ECMWF, but it still underestimates the extreme precipitation. This study can provide new experience for forecasters to understand the prediction biases of different operational models for dragon-boat precipitation process. It also has reference value for model developers to further carry out research on error source diagnosis and technical improvement of TRAMS.
During May 21 to June 21 in 2022, the strongest dragon-boat precipitation process in the last decade occurred in South China. The extreme dragon-boat precipitation process, with a large cumulative rainfall and frequent heavy rainfall processes, caused significant economic losses. In this paper, two operational models, TRAMS and ECMWF, which are commonly used by forecasters in South China, are selected to divide the torrential rain during dragon-boat precipitation into front-zone torrential rain and warm-sector torrential rain, and are verified and evaluated, in order to understand the characteristics of the two models’ biases for the front-zone torrential rain and warm-sector torrential rain under the background of the extreme dragon-boat precipitation. Compared with the traditional point-to-point method, the MODE method can effectively avoid the phenomenon of high false alarm ratio caused by precipitation position deviation in the model. Further analysis of the number, position, precipitation area and intensity of torrential rain objects based on MODE method shows that the high-resolution model TRAMS has better ability to identify and match torrential rain objects than the global model ECMWF. The position prediction of torrential rain by TRAMS mostly has a eastward bias, while ECMWF has a northward bias. The deviations in precipitation position are closely related to the differences in the forecast bias of the two models for low-level southwesterly flow. The area prediction of the front-zone torrential rain by TRAMS is close to the observation, while the forecast area of warm-sector torrential rain is large. The forecast areas of ECMWF for both front-zone torrential rain and warm-sector torrential rain are small. The prediction of torrential rain intensity and extreme value by TRAMS is closer to the observation than that by ECMWF, but it still underestimates the extreme precipitation. This study can provide new experience for forecasters to understand the prediction biases of different operational models for dragon-boat precipitation process. It also has reference value for model developers to further carry out research on error source diagnosis and technical improvement of TRAMS.
Available online: February 08, 2025 , DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2024.111501
Abstract:
A comprehensive meteorological risk early warning method for mountain torrent disasters is proposed using the fuzzy evaluation method in this paper. The method is based on the dynamic critical rainfall for mountain torrent early warning that considers soil water content saturation, then a correspondence between meteorological risk warning levels and fuzzy scores for mountain torrent disasters is established based on the fuzzy evaluation method. The weight algorithms are constructed respectively using the weighted average method, the coefficient of determination, and the relative error of peak flow. With this method , together with the fuzzy scores for meteorological risk warning calculated by using the precipitation forecasts from CMA-MESO, CMA-SH9, CMA-BJ and intelligent grid forecasting，the comprehensive meteorological risk level is determined. The results show that the hit rate of the comprehensive risk early warning results based on the fuzzy evaluation method is comparable to that of the CMA-BJ and higher than other models, the miss rate and false alarm rate are also comparable to those of the CMA-BJ and lower than other models,the TS scores are all higher than those of other models, through the application and verification of the mountain torrent disaster in Hengshui of Anyang River from 17 to 22 July 2021. This method can extend the lead time of mountain torrent prediction and improve the accuracy of early warning. This research result provides a new approach for the meteorological risk warning service of small watershed mountain torrent disasters in China.
A comprehensive meteorological risk early warning method for mountain torrent disasters is proposed using the fuzzy evaluation method in this paper. The method is based on the dynamic critical rainfall for mountain torrent early warning that considers soil water content saturation, then a correspondence between meteorological risk warning levels and fuzzy scores for mountain torrent disasters is established based on the fuzzy evaluation method. The weight algorithms are constructed respectively using the weighted average method, the coefficient of determination, and the relative error of peak flow. With this method , together with the fuzzy scores for meteorological risk warning calculated by using the precipitation forecasts from CMA-MESO, CMA-SH9, CMA-BJ and intelligent grid forecasting，the comprehensive meteorological risk level is determined. The results show that the hit rate of the comprehensive risk early warning results based on the fuzzy evaluation method is comparable to that of the CMA-BJ and higher than other models, the miss rate and false alarm rate are also comparable to those of the CMA-BJ and lower than other models,the TS scores are all higher than those of other models, through the application and verification of the mountain torrent disaster in Hengshui of Anyang River from 17 to 22 July 2021. This method can extend the lead time of mountain torrent prediction and improve the accuracy of early warning. This research result provides a new approach for the meteorological risk warning service of small watershed mountain torrent disasters in China.
Available online: January 16, 2025 , DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2025.011502
Abstract:
To provide reference for the prediction of major floods in the upper reaches of the Han River during the autumn flood season, based on NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and conventional meteorological and hydrological observation data, the water and rainfall characteristics, rainfall response relationships, abnormal large-scale circulation patterns, and causes of flood precipitation of the Han River during the autumn flood season since the 21st century were studied. The research results showed that: ①The flood process in the Han River Basin during the autumn flood season in the 21st century gradually increased. The heavy rainfall center during the autumn flood season was mainly located in the southern and western parts of the upper reaches of the Han River. The frequency of precipitation on the southern bank was much higher than that on the northern bank, and in mountainous areas it was greater than in rivers and basins. The upstream was greater than the downstream; There were three centers: the area around Micang Mountain and Daba Mountain on the south side of the Han River Basin, the riverside valley above Ankang Reservoir, and the Danjiang River section at the southern foot of the outer mountain and the southwest slope of Funiu Mountain. ②The flood peak generally presents in three forms: single peak, double peak, and multi peak. It was feasible to judge single peak, multi peak, or bimodal floods based on precipitation intensity, time, and frequency. There was generally a pre discharge time of about 1-2 days from the occurrence of the strongest precipitation during the process period to the formation of floods.③The abnormally high precipitation during the autumn flood season in the upper reaches of the Han River was related to weather factors such as the 500hPa mid high latitude circulation pattern, the western Pacific subtropical high pressure, the southerly pressure high pressure and subtropical westerly jet, the plateau trough, the blocking high pressure and cold air activity, and water vapor transport. Under abnormal circulation conditions, when continuous rainy weather was combined with higher initial inflow of Danjiangkou Reservoir, flood peaks were likely to form in the upper reaches of the Han River.
To provide reference for the prediction of major floods in the upper reaches of the Han River during the autumn flood season, based on NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and conventional meteorological and hydrological observation data, the water and rainfall characteristics, rainfall response relationships, abnormal large-scale circulation patterns, and causes of flood precipitation of the Han River during the autumn flood season since the 21st century were studied. The research results showed that: ①The flood process in the Han River Basin during the autumn flood season in the 21st century gradually increased. The heavy rainfall center during the autumn flood season was mainly located in the southern and western parts of the upper reaches of the Han River. The frequency of precipitation on the southern bank was much higher than that on the northern bank, and in mountainous areas it was greater than in rivers and basins. The upstream was greater than the downstream; There were three centers: the area around Micang Mountain and Daba Mountain on the south side of the Han River Basin, the riverside valley above Ankang Reservoir, and the Danjiang River section at the southern foot of the outer mountain and the southwest slope of Funiu Mountain. ②The flood peak generally presents in three forms: single peak, double peak, and multi peak. It was feasible to judge single peak, multi peak, or bimodal floods based on precipitation intensity, time, and frequency. There was generally a pre discharge time of about 1-2 days from the occurrence of the strongest precipitation during the process period to the formation of floods.③The abnormally high precipitation during the autumn flood season in the upper reaches of the Han River was related to weather factors such as the 500hPa mid high latitude circulation pattern, the western Pacific subtropical high pressure, the southerly pressure high pressure and subtropical westerly jet, the plateau trough, the blocking high pressure and cold air activity, and water vapor transport. Under abnormal circulation conditions, when continuous rainy weather was combined with higher initial inflow of Danjiangkou Reservoir, flood peaks were likely to form in the upper reaches of the Han River.
Available online: January 14, 2025 , DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2025.011001
Abstract:
To obtain the X-band dual-polarization radar characteristics of hail in the southwestern Yunnan, a statistical analysis method was used to analyze 22 hail sample data detected by the Menglian X-band dual-polarization radar.The results show that hailstorm cells have the following characteristics:Maximum horizontal reflectivity factor (ZH) ≥58 dBz;The 45 dBz echo development height (H45) ≥7.1 km, with a height difference between H45 and the wet-bulb 0℃ level ≥3.3 km;86% of hail cells have H45 exceeding the height of the -20°C layer;The 50 dBz echo development height (H50) ≥5.7 km, with a height difference between H50 and the -20℃ level ranging from -1.2 to 2.7 km;Vertical integrated liquid water content (VIL) density ≥2.8 g·m-3, and the VIL increased by 4.7–18.3 kg·m-2 in the volume scan preceding hailfall.Differential reflectivity (ZDR) and specific differential phase (KDP) average and median values, above 0℃ layer, concentrated near 0 value, predominantly negative; below 0℃layer within 1 km, transition from negative to positive values, gradually increasing with height decrease, maximum in the near-surface layer, reaching approximately 1.5 dB and 0.7 °/km respectively. The range of values for each parameter above the 0℃ layer, ZDR -1.92 to 1.35 dB, KDP -1.97 to 1.29 °/km, correlation coefficient (CC) 0.86 to 0.99; below the 0℃ layer, ZDR -1.92 to 3.74 dB, KDP -2.98 to 2.66 °/km, CC 0.79 to 0.98.The research results provide a reference for the detection and identification of hail characteristics by the X-band dual-polarization radar in the southwestern Yunnan region.
To obtain the X-band dual-polarization radar characteristics of hail in the southwestern Yunnan, a statistical analysis method was used to analyze 22 hail sample data detected by the Menglian X-band dual-polarization radar.The results show that hailstorm cells have the following characteristics:Maximum horizontal reflectivity factor (ZH) ≥58 dBz;The 45 dBz echo development height (H45) ≥7.1 km, with a height difference between H45 and the wet-bulb 0℃ level ≥3.3 km;86% of hail cells have H45 exceeding the height of the -20°C layer;The 50 dBz echo development height (H50) ≥5.7 km, with a height difference between H50 and the -20℃ level ranging from -1.2 to 2.7 km;Vertical integrated liquid water content (VIL) density ≥2.8 g·m-3, and the VIL increased by 4.7–18.3 kg·m-2 in the volume scan preceding hailfall.Differential reflectivity (ZDR) and specific differential phase (KDP) average and median values, above 0℃ layer, concentrated near 0 value, predominantly negative; below 0℃layer within 1 km, transition from negative to positive values, gradually increasing with height decrease, maximum in the near-surface layer, reaching approximately 1.5 dB and 0.7 °/km respectively. The range of values for each parameter above the 0℃ layer, ZDR -1.92 to 1.35 dB, KDP -1.97 to 1.29 °/km, correlation coefficient (CC) 0.86 to 0.99; below the 0℃ layer, ZDR -1.92 to 3.74 dB, KDP -2.98 to 2.66 °/km, CC 0.79 to 0.98.The research results provide a reference for the detection and identification of hail characteristics by the X-band dual-polarization radar in the southwestern Yunnan region.
Available online: January 14, 2025 , DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2024.111401
Abstract:
To address the issue of high-concealed abnormal wind directions in automatic weather station (AWS) data，this study establish an abnormal wind direction identification method based on the Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) clustering algorithm. Historical wind direction data from 16 weather events affecting Guangzhou between 2016 and 2022, including cold waves, cold air masses, and typhoons, as well as real-time wind direction data from AWSs during the impact of Typhoon Sura (No. 2309), were used to detect abnormal wind directions. The analysis results reveal that the proportion of AWSs with suspicious wind directions in historical cases ranges from 0.46% to 5.56%, while the proportion of AWSs with erroneous wind directions ranges from 0.25% to 2.05%.During the real-time case of Typhoon Sura,the method identified 13 AWSs with significantly deviating wind directions from the dominant ground wind direction, primarily due to wind direction sensor malfunctions and environmental impacts on AWS observations. Compared to the traditional method, the accuracy of wind direction error identification has improved by 20.32%.The new method provides a novel approach for the quality control of historical wind direction data from AWSs and offers an effective reference for the operational monitoring and on-site verification of AWS equipment.
To address the issue of high-concealed abnormal wind directions in automatic weather station (AWS) data，this study establish an abnormal wind direction identification method based on the Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) clustering algorithm. Historical wind direction data from 16 weather events affecting Guangzhou between 2016 and 2022, including cold waves, cold air masses, and typhoons, as well as real-time wind direction data from AWSs during the impact of Typhoon Sura (No. 2309), were used to detect abnormal wind directions. The analysis results reveal that the proportion of AWSs with suspicious wind directions in historical cases ranges from 0.46% to 5.56%, while the proportion of AWSs with erroneous wind directions ranges from 0.25% to 2.05%.During the real-time case of Typhoon Sura,the method identified 13 AWSs with significantly deviating wind directions from the dominant ground wind direction, primarily due to wind direction sensor malfunctions and environmental impacts on AWS observations. Compared to the traditional method, the accuracy of wind direction error identification has improved by 20.32%.The new method provides a novel approach for the quality control of historical wind direction data from AWSs and offers an effective reference for the operational monitoring and on-site verification of AWS equipment.
Available online: January 13, 2025 , DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2025.011301
Abstract:
Based on the prediction results of Beijing Climate Center-climate prediction system version 3-subseasonal to seasonal version 2 (BCC-CPSv3-S2Sv2), various evaluation and test methods are used to test the prediction effect of the model in the flood season of the Yangtze River Basin, and to evaluate the prediction skills of daily/ten-day precipitation in the flood season of the Yangtze River Basin. The model error characteristics are studied, and the available forecasting time-scale of model precipitation is analyzed. The results show that the model has systematically overestimated the precipitation in flood season in the Yangtze River Basin as a whole, and the prediction skill in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is higher than that in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, and the prediction effect in August is significantly better than that in June and July; the prediction skill of the model is improved with the approaching of the starting time. The effective prediction time of the model for the daily quantitative prediction of the flood season in the Yangtze River Basin is about ten days, and the qualitative prediction of the precipitation anomaly in the flood season is similar: the prediction skill of ten days in advance is the highest, and the prediction of twenty to thirty days in advance also has some reference value. In addition, the model"s prediction skill under the less rain scenario is better than that under the more rain scenario, but its prediction ability for extreme climate events is still relatively weak.
Based on the prediction results of Beijing Climate Center-climate prediction system version 3-subseasonal to seasonal version 2 (BCC-CPSv3-S2Sv2), various evaluation and test methods are used to test the prediction effect of the model in the flood season of the Yangtze River Basin, and to evaluate the prediction skills of daily/ten-day precipitation in the flood season of the Yangtze River Basin. The model error characteristics are studied, and the available forecasting time-scale of model precipitation is analyzed. The results show that the model has systematically overestimated the precipitation in flood season in the Yangtze River Basin as a whole, and the prediction skill in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is higher than that in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, and the prediction effect in August is significantly better than that in June and July; the prediction skill of the model is improved with the approaching of the starting time. The effective prediction time of the model for the daily quantitative prediction of the flood season in the Yangtze River Basin is about ten days, and the qualitative prediction of the precipitation anomaly in the flood season is similar: the prediction skill of ten days in advance is the highest, and the prediction of twenty to thirty days in advance also has some reference value. In addition, the model"s prediction skill under the less rain scenario is better than that under the more rain scenario, but its prediction ability for extreme climate events is still relatively weak.
Available online: December 26, 2024 , DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2024.111801
Abstract:
Doppler spectral is the Ka-band cloud radar original data. Based on the consistency difference between cloud-precipitation signal and the ‘ghost echo’ along with other noise signals in different Doppler spectral modes, this study used the difference between short-pulse and long-pulse modes to determine the cloud signal boundary for the first time. The ‘ghost echo’ was removed and the cloud signal boundary was used to calculated the noise level, forming a new denoising method. In addition, the sensitivity of cloud signal boundary changing with the difference threshold T was analyzed. Based on the small particle tracer method, the left cloud signal boundary after denoising was used to calculate the vertical air velocity. Two rainfall (snow) cases in Beijing were analyzed and compared with the in-situ aircraft observation results of the vertical air velocity. It was verified that the new denoising method can effectively remove the ‘ghost echo’. Although a certain percentage deviation existed between the average vertical air velocity obtained by cloud radar and aircraft. The direction and magnitude corresponded well in general. This method and the retrieved results were reasonable.
Doppler spectral is the Ka-band cloud radar original data. Based on the consistency difference between cloud-precipitation signal and the ‘ghost echo’ along with other noise signals in different Doppler spectral modes, this study used the difference between short-pulse and long-pulse modes to determine the cloud signal boundary for the first time. The ‘ghost echo’ was removed and the cloud signal boundary was used to calculated the noise level, forming a new denoising method. In addition, the sensitivity of cloud signal boundary changing with the difference threshold T was analyzed. Based on the small particle tracer method, the left cloud signal boundary after denoising was used to calculate the vertical air velocity. Two rainfall (snow) cases in Beijing were analyzed and compared with the in-situ aircraft observation results of the vertical air velocity. It was verified that the new denoising method can effectively remove the ‘ghost echo’. Although a certain percentage deviation existed between the average vertical air velocity obtained by cloud radar and aircraft. The direction and magnitude corresponded well in general. This method and the retrieved results were reasonable.
Available online: September 29, 2024 , DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2024.092401
Abstract:
Thunderstorm gales refer to strong winds with a wind speed ≥17 m·s-1 caused by strong convective weather systems, which are one of meso-scale and micro-scale strong convective weather that causes huge disasters. Understanding their formation mechanisms and conducting accurate nowcasting and early warning are the keys to disaster prevention and mitigation. This paper summarizes the existing studies on the formation mechanisms and nowcasting of thunderstorm gales, including synoptic patterns, environmental characteristics, different formation mechanisms and windstorm morphologies, as well as nowcasting technology. Most thunderstorm gales are generated in supercells, squall lines, and bow echoes through strong downdraft, gust front, momentum transmission, horizontal pressure gradient between outflow and ambient wind, dynamic forcing and superimposed effect of mesoscale vortex, and pumping effect of updraft on low-level warm and moist inflow, etc. On the basis of above review, the difficulties and much-need issues of the formation mechanisms and nowcasting of thunderstorm gales are discussed.
Thunderstorm gales refer to strong winds with a wind speed ≥17 m·s-1 caused by strong convective weather systems, which are one of meso-scale and micro-scale strong convective weather that causes huge disasters. Understanding their formation mechanisms and conducting accurate nowcasting and early warning are the keys to disaster prevention and mitigation. This paper summarizes the existing studies on the formation mechanisms and nowcasting of thunderstorm gales, including synoptic patterns, environmental characteristics, different formation mechanisms and windstorm morphologies, as well as nowcasting technology. Most thunderstorm gales are generated in supercells, squall lines, and bow echoes through strong downdraft, gust front, momentum transmission, horizontal pressure gradient between outflow and ambient wind, dynamic forcing and superimposed effect of mesoscale vortex, and pumping effect of updraft on low-level warm and moist inflow, etc. On the basis of above review, the difficulties and much-need issues of the formation mechanisms and nowcasting of thunderstorm gales are discussed.
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2012,38(12):1482-1491, DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2012.12.005
Abstract:
By using the conventional meteorological data, Doppler radar data and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the characteristics of Doppler radar’s reflectivity, environmental condition and trigger mechanism of the heavy rain are analyzed and compared between two abrupt heavy rain processes occurring in Sichuan Basin on 3 July (7.3) and 23 July (7.23) 2011. The results show that: the “7.3” heavy rain happened under a typical circulation background, and moisture transporting to the heavy rain area from the South China Sea was smoothly, thus the heavy rainfall maintained so long, but the “7.23” heavy rain occurred behind the upper cold vortex, and convective unstable energy was abundant and vertical wind shear was strong, thus this heavy rain process happened with hail and thunderstorm weather accompanied, its radar reflectivity was 5 dBz stronger than “7.3” case and had the characteristics of severe storms such as the low level weak reflectivity and the upper echo overhang. As a whole, the non equilibrium force is contributed to the occurrence of heavy rain and it is the excited mechanism of the two heavy rainfalls, and the change of the divergence evolvement is consistent with the strength and the position of the heavy rain which would happen 6 hours later．
By using the conventional meteorological data, Doppler radar data and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the characteristics of Doppler radar’s reflectivity, environmental condition and trigger mechanism of the heavy rain are analyzed and compared between two abrupt heavy rain processes occurring in Sichuan Basin on 3 July (7.3) and 23 July (7.23) 2011. The results show that: the “7.3” heavy rain happened under a typical circulation background, and moisture transporting to the heavy rain area from the South China Sea was smoothly, thus the heavy rainfall maintained so long, but the “7.23” heavy rain occurred behind the upper cold vortex, and convective unstable energy was abundant and vertical wind shear was strong, thus this heavy rain process happened with hail and thunderstorm weather accompanied, its radar reflectivity was 5 dBz stronger than “7.3” case and had the characteristics of severe storms such as the low level weak reflectivity and the upper echo overhang. As a whole, the non equilibrium force is contributed to the occurrence of heavy rain and it is the excited mechanism of the two heavy rainfalls, and the change of the divergence evolvement is consistent with the strength and the position of the heavy rain which would happen 6 hours later．
2017,43(7):769-780, DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2017.07.001
Abstract:
The spatial distributions of severe convective wind (SCW) and nonsevere thunderstorms (NT) over South China, occurring between 08:00 BT and 20:00 BT during spring and summer in 2010-2014, were analyzed by using the observational data from China Meteorological Administration. And then, their environmental characteristics were compared between SCW and NT in spring and summer. It was found that SCW in summer is more frequently than that in spring and that NT in summer is about 3.6 times the counts of NT in spring. SCW events mainly concentrate in the western Guangdong to the Pearl River Delta Region. Compared to NT, SCW is generally associated with stronger baroclinity, instability and stronger dynamic forcing. The precipitable water and averaged relative humidity between 700-500 hPa of SCW tend to be higher than those of NT in spring, while the opposite is the case for the pattern in summer. In conclusion, it is obvious that the dynamic forcing for SCW in spring is much better than these in summer, while the thermal condition is more significant in summer.
The spatial distributions of severe convective wind (SCW) and nonsevere thunderstorms (NT) over South China, occurring between 08:00 BT and 20:00 BT during spring and summer in 2010-2014, were analyzed by using the observational data from China Meteorological Administration. And then, their environmental characteristics were compared between SCW and NT in spring and summer. It was found that SCW in summer is more frequently than that in spring and that NT in summer is about 3.6 times the counts of NT in spring. SCW events mainly concentrate in the western Guangdong to the Pearl River Delta Region. Compared to NT, SCW is generally associated with stronger baroclinity, instability and stronger dynamic forcing. The precipitable water and averaged relative humidity between 700-500 hPa of SCW tend to be higher than those of NT in spring, while the opposite is the case for the pattern in summer. In conclusion, it is obvious that the dynamic forcing for SCW in spring is much better than these in summer, while the thermal condition is more significant in summer.
2010,36(3):9-18, DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2010.3.002
Abstract:
Potential vorticity (PV) is one of the important concepts in advanced synoptic and dynamic meteorology. This paper is a brief introduction to the theory of potential vorticity, including the concept of PV, the conservation and invertibility of PV, PV thinking, moist PV (MPV), and the application of PV theory.
Potential vorticity (PV) is one of the important concepts in advanced synoptic and dynamic meteorology. This paper is a brief introduction to the theory of potential vorticity, including the concept of PV, the conservation and invertibility of PV, PV thinking, moist PV (MPV), and the application of PV theory.
2006,32(10):64-69, DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2006.10.010
Abstract:
Based on the data of CINRAD Doppler Radar which located at Xinle of Hebei Province,the hail,strong wind and heavy rainfall weather events in mid-south Hebei in 2004 are statistically analyzed.The routine radar products,such as echo reflectivity,radial velocity,Vertically Integrated Liquid(VIL)Water,hail index,mesocyclone,velocity azimuth display wind profile,etc.are used in this statistics.The results show that hail's VIL value is larger than generic thunder storm's.At the same time,greater VIL value and longer sustaining will bring about greater diameter hail and larger effect area.It is the very useful index to indicate strong wind in mesocyclone products and the wind direction sudden change in radial velocity products.A reference based on analyzing this type synoptic forecast with radar system in future is proposed.
Based on the data of CINRAD Doppler Radar which located at Xinle of Hebei Province,the hail,strong wind and heavy rainfall weather events in mid-south Hebei in 2004 are statistically analyzed.The routine radar products,such as echo reflectivity,radial velocity,Vertically Integrated Liquid(VIL)Water,hail index,mesocyclone,velocity azimuth display wind profile,etc.are used in this statistics.The results show that hail's VIL value is larger than generic thunder storm's.At the same time,greater VIL value and longer sustaining will bring about greater diameter hail and larger effect area.It is the very useful index to indicate strong wind in mesocyclone products and the wind direction sudden change in radial velocity products.A reference based on analyzing this type synoptic forecast with radar system in future is proposed.
FU Jiaolan, MA Xuekuan, CHEN Tao, ZHANG Fang, ZHANG Xidi, SUN Jun, QUAN Wanqing, YANG Shunan, SHEN Xiaolin
2017,43(5):528-539, DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2017.05.002
Abstract:
An extremely severe precipitation event took place in North China in 19-20 July 2016. It was characterized by large rainfall, persistent rainfall, warm cloud rainfall, strong local rainfall intensity and orographic precipitation. Its rainfall was larger than that of the extreme rainfall in 3-5 August 1996, and only next to the amount of the 2-7 August 1963 extreme rainfall event. It occurred under the circulation background of the South Asia high moving eastward, the West Pacific subtropical high moving northwestward and the low vortex in the westerlies developing in mid high latitude. The abnormal development of Huanghuai cyclone, southwest and southeast low level jets, and the abnormally abundant moisture indicates that the dynamic lifting and moisture conditions favored this severe rainfall process significantly. The whole rainfall event presented clearly the phase characteristics, and could be divided into two stages. The first stage was the orographic rainfall caused by the easterly winds ahead of the trough from the early morning to the daytime of 19 July, while the second part was produced by spiral rain bands in the north side of Huanghuai cyclone from the night of 19 to the daytime of 20 July. In the first stage, the easterly low level jet was lifted by the Taihang Mountains, which continuously triggered the convective cells along the east edge of the mountains. The weak dry and cold advection at mid level and the strong warm and wet advection at low level jointly maintained the convective instability. The cold pool generated by heavy rainfall and the mesoscale frontogenesis process created by local orographic effect provided favorable conditions for severe convections to occur continuously. The second stage rainfall was mainly related to the development of cut off vortex and Huanghuai cyclone. The blocking of the high pressure system slowed the steps of Huanghuai cyclone in North China, thus leading to the long lasting rainfall process.
An extremely severe precipitation event took place in North China in 19-20 July 2016. It was characterized by large rainfall, persistent rainfall, warm cloud rainfall, strong local rainfall intensity and orographic precipitation. Its rainfall was larger than that of the extreme rainfall in 3-5 August 1996, and only next to the amount of the 2-7 August 1963 extreme rainfall event. It occurred under the circulation background of the South Asia high moving eastward, the West Pacific subtropical high moving northwestward and the low vortex in the westerlies developing in mid high latitude. The abnormal development of Huanghuai cyclone, southwest and southeast low level jets, and the abnormally abundant moisture indicates that the dynamic lifting and moisture conditions favored this severe rainfall process significantly. The whole rainfall event presented clearly the phase characteristics, and could be divided into two stages. The first stage was the orographic rainfall caused by the easterly winds ahead of the trough from the early morning to the daytime of 19 July, while the second part was produced by spiral rain bands in the north side of Huanghuai cyclone from the night of 19 to the daytime of 20 July. In the first stage, the easterly low level jet was lifted by the Taihang Mountains, which continuously triggered the convective cells along the east edge of the mountains. The weak dry and cold advection at mid level and the strong warm and wet advection at low level jointly maintained the convective instability. The cold pool generated by heavy rainfall and the mesoscale frontogenesis process created by local orographic effect provided favorable conditions for severe convections to occur continuously. The second stage rainfall was mainly related to the development of cut off vortex and Huanghuai cyclone. The blocking of the high pressure system slowed the steps of Huanghuai cyclone in North China, thus leading to the long lasting rainfall process.
Zhou Yuquan, Chen Yingying, Li Juan, Huang Yimei, He Xiaodong, Zhou Feifei, Wu Menxin, Hu Bo, Mao Jietai
2008,34(12):27-35, DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2008.12.004
Abstract:
Cloud macro and micro physical characteristic parameters play an important role not only in the field of the analysis and forecast of the weather and climate, but also in the field of weather modification to identify the seeding c ondition. Based on the data from FY-2C/D stationary satellite and SBDART radiati on transfer model, associated with the sounding data and surface information, a method retrieving cloud macro and micro physical parameters is established in th is research. These parameters include cloud top height, cloud top temperature, d epth of super-cooled layer, depth of warm layer, cloud bottom height, depth of c loud, cloud optical thickness, cloud effective particle radius and cloud liquid water content. It has been run operationally. In this paper, the correlated info rmation such as physical meaning, retrieving method and technology, retrieving p rocess and data format are simply introduced. Furthermore, comparing with the ob servation of Cloudsat up to the minute, the retrieving results of main cloud par ameters are proved to be reasonable and usable. By contrast with same kind produ cts of MODIS, it also shows good corresponding relationship.
Cloud macro and micro physical characteristic parameters play an important role not only in the field of the analysis and forecast of the weather and climate, but also in the field of weather modification to identify the seeding c ondition. Based on the data from FY-2C/D stationary satellite and SBDART radiati on transfer model, associated with the sounding data and surface information, a method retrieving cloud macro and micro physical parameters is established in th is research. These parameters include cloud top height, cloud top temperature, d epth of super-cooled layer, depth of warm layer, cloud bottom height, depth of c loud, cloud optical thickness, cloud effective particle radius and cloud liquid water content. It has been run operationally. In this paper, the correlated info rmation such as physical meaning, retrieving method and technology, retrieving p rocess and data format are simply introduced. Furthermore, comparing with the ob servation of Cloudsat up to the minute, the retrieving results of main cloud par ameters are proved to be reasonable and usable. By contrast with same kind produ cts of MODIS, it also shows good corresponding relationship.
2013,39(10):1284-1292, DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2013.10.006
Abstract:
Based on the fog observation data during 24-27 December 2006 (advection radiation fog), NCEP NC reanalysis data (2.5°×2.5°) and GDAS global meteorological data (1°×1°), detailed trajectory analysis of the boundary layer characteristics and water vapor transport of the fog is investigated, combined with the weather condition, meteorological elements and physical quantity field. The results show that: (1) there is thick inversion layer, even multi layer inversion throughout the dense fog event. Temperatures of different inversion tops in the middle and high levels are 2-5℃ higher than the surface temperature. The thickness of inversion layer is more than 200 m, and it gets to 500 m at 08:00 BT 26 December, indicating the atmosphere is very stable and conducive to the convergence of water vapor before the fog forms. However, it is not favorable for the divergence of water vapor after the formation of fog, which helps the development and maintenance of the fog, causing the fog to last about 64 hours with dense fog (visibility <50 m) about 37 hours; (2) The divergence of water vapor flux in low level is negative in the advection fog event. The upper air has persistent moisture convergence and the strongest moisture convergence appears at 02:00 BT 25 December, being -30×10-7 g·s-1·cm-2·hPa-1. The accumulation of low level water vapor makes fog form and develop while the divergence of water vapor flux speeds up its dissipation. 〖JP2〗The long lasting advection radiation fog is mainly caused by the continuous water vapor convergence; (3) The water vapor path is from the coastal area in easten China to Nanjing. The water vapor is continuously supplied from sea during the fog event, with the water vapor flux maximum getting to 2 g·s-1·hPa-1·cm-1. The sufficient supply and supplementary of water vapor determines the duration of the fog.
Based on the fog observation data during 24-27 December 2006 (advection radiation fog), NCEP NC reanalysis data (2.5°×2.5°) and GDAS global meteorological data (1°×1°), detailed trajectory analysis of the boundary layer characteristics and water vapor transport of the fog is investigated, combined with the weather condition, meteorological elements and physical quantity field. The results show that: (1) there is thick inversion layer, even multi layer inversion throughout the dense fog event. Temperatures of different inversion tops in the middle and high levels are 2-5℃ higher than the surface temperature. The thickness of inversion layer is more than 200 m, and it gets to 500 m at 08:00 BT 26 December, indicating the atmosphere is very stable and conducive to the convergence of water vapor before the fog forms. However, it is not favorable for the divergence of water vapor after the formation of fog, which helps the development and maintenance of the fog, causing the fog to last about 64 hours with dense fog (visibility <50 m) about 37 hours; (2) The divergence of water vapor flux in low level is negative in the advection fog event. The upper air has persistent moisture convergence and the strongest moisture convergence appears at 02:00 BT 25 December, being -30×10-7 g·s-1·cm-2·hPa-1. The accumulation of low level water vapor makes fog form and develop while the divergence of water vapor flux speeds up its dissipation. 〖JP2〗The long lasting advection radiation fog is mainly caused by the continuous water vapor convergence; (3) The water vapor path is from the coastal area in easten China to Nanjing. The water vapor is continuously supplied from sea during the fog event, with the water vapor flux maximum getting to 2 g·s-1·hPa-1·cm-1. The sufficient supply and supplementary of water vapor determines the duration of the fog.
2012,38(10):1255-1266, DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2012.10.012
Abstract:
Precipitation characteristics, environment conditions, generation and development of the mesoscale convective system that brought about the extreme torrential rain in Beijing on 21 July 2012 were analyzed comprehensively in this paper by using various conventional and unconventional data. The results showed that the extreme torrential rain had the characteristics of long duration, great rainfall and wide coverage area and its process consisted of warm area precipitation and frontal precipitation. The warm area rainfall started earlier, the severe precipitation center was scattered and lasted long while the frontal rainfallprocess contained several severe rainfall centers with high precipitation efficiency, lasting a short time.Environment conditions of the mesoscale convective system that triggered this extreme severe rainfall were analyzed. The results showed that interactions of high level divergence, the wind shear and convergence with the vortex in the lower troposphere and the surface wind convergence line provided favorable environment to the severe extreme rain. The warm humid airs from the tropical and sub tropical zones converged over the torrential rain region, continuous and sufficient water vapor manifested as high atmospheric column of precipitable water and strong low level water vapor convergence and other extreme vapor conditions for the torrential rain. In addition, the intense precipitation was triggered by the vortex wind shear, wind disturbance on low level jet, surface wind convergence line and the effect of terrain under the condition of the plentiful water vapour and maintained. With the cold front moved eastward, heavy frontal rainfall was brought by the development and evolution of convective system made by the cold air and the suitable vertical wind shear.Generation and development processes of the mesoscale convective system were also studied. The findings suggested that stratiform cloud precipitation and dispersed convective precipitation occurred firstly in the precipitation process. The warm and steady stratiform cloud precipitation changed to be highly organized convectional precipitation as the cold dry air invaded. Many small scale and mesoscale convective clusters developed into mesoscale convective complex (MCC), leading to the extreme severe precipitation. Since all the directions of the echo long axis, terrain and echo movement were parallel, train effect was obviously seen in the radar echo imegery during this precipitation process. Meanwhile, the radar echo had the characteristics of backward propagation and low centroid which was similar to tropical heavy rainfalls. Finally, a series of scientific problems were proposed according to the integrated analysis on the observation data of this rare torrential rain event, such as the causes for the extreme torrential rain and the extreme rich water vapor, mechanisms for the warm area torrential rain in the north of China, the mechanism for the train effect and backward propagation, mechanisms for the organization and maintenance of the convective cells, the simulation and analysis ability of the numerical models to extreme torrential rains and so on.
Precipitation characteristics, environment conditions, generation and development of the mesoscale convective system that brought about the extreme torrential rain in Beijing on 21 July 2012 were analyzed comprehensively in this paper by using various conventional and unconventional data. The results showed that the extreme torrential rain had the characteristics of long duration, great rainfall and wide coverage area and its process consisted of warm area precipitation and frontal precipitation. The warm area rainfall started earlier, the severe precipitation center was scattered and lasted long while the frontal rainfallprocess contained several severe rainfall centers with high precipitation efficiency, lasting a short time.Environment conditions of the mesoscale convective system that triggered this extreme severe rainfall were analyzed. The results showed that interactions of high level divergence, the wind shear and convergence with the vortex in the lower troposphere and the surface wind convergence line provided favorable environment to the severe extreme rain. The warm humid airs from the tropical and sub tropical zones converged over the torrential rain region, continuous and sufficient water vapor manifested as high atmospheric column of precipitable water and strong low level water vapor convergence and other extreme vapor conditions for the torrential rain. In addition, the intense precipitation was triggered by the vortex wind shear, wind disturbance on low level jet, surface wind convergence line and the effect of terrain under the condition of the plentiful water vapour and maintained. With the cold front moved eastward, heavy frontal rainfall was brought by the development and evolution of convective system made by the cold air and the suitable vertical wind shear.Generation and development processes of the mesoscale convective system were also studied. The findings suggested that stratiform cloud precipitation and dispersed convective precipitation occurred firstly in the precipitation process. The warm and steady stratiform cloud precipitation changed to be highly organized convectional precipitation as the cold dry air invaded. Many small scale and mesoscale convective clusters developed into mesoscale convective complex (MCC), leading to the extreme severe precipitation. Since all the directions of the echo long axis, terrain and echo movement were parallel, train effect was obviously seen in the radar echo imegery during this precipitation process. Meanwhile, the radar echo had the characteristics of backward propagation and low centroid which was similar to tropical heavy rainfalls. Finally, a series of scientific problems were proposed according to the integrated analysis on the observation data of this rare torrential rain event, such as the causes for the extreme torrential rain and the extreme rich water vapor, mechanisms for the warm area torrential rain in the north of China, the mechanism for the train effect and backward propagation, mechanisms for the organization and maintenance of the convective cells, the simulation and analysis ability of the numerical models to extreme torrential rains and so on.
2009,35(1):55-64, DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2009.1.007
Abstract:
A strong rainstorm is analysis which occurred in Xinghua located the north of Ji angsu province on 25 July 2007. Results show that wind disaster originated from two kinds of rainstorm. One kind was the gust front which occurred at the front of the storm. Strong wind of grade 7-9 was attained when it happened. Another ki nd was the downburst arose in the multi cell storm. The original height of refl ectivity core was higher than -20℃ isotherm. It had the characteristics of conv ergence on the mid level and descending of reflectivity core. The strong wind ab ove grade 10 was attained, when the descending airflow diverged strongly on the ground. A new cell was combined with the former storm above the gust front, thus the storm enhanced. When the downburst happened, the storm weakened, and another new cell was combin ed with the former storm. The downburst happened continuously, and the impact of gust front persisted.
A strong rainstorm is analysis which occurred in Xinghua located the north of Ji angsu province on 25 July 2007. Results show that wind disaster originated from two kinds of rainstorm. One kind was the gust front which occurred at the front of the storm. Strong wind of grade 7-9 was attained when it happened. Another ki nd was the downburst arose in the multi cell storm. The original height of refl ectivity core was higher than -20℃ isotherm. It had the characteristics of conv ergence on the mid level and descending of reflectivity core. The strong wind ab ove grade 10 was attained, when the descending airflow diverged strongly on the ground. A new cell was combined with the former storm above the gust front, thus the storm enhanced. When the downburst happened, the storm weakened, and another new cell was combin ed with the former storm. The downburst happened continuously, and the impact of gust front persisted.
ZHANG Xiaoling, ZHANG Tao, LIU Xinhua, ZHOU Qingliang, CHEN Yun, ZHOU Xiaoxia, ZHENG Yongguang, ZHAO Surong
2010,36(7):143-150, DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2010.7.021
Abstract:
Mesoscale severe weather forecasting ability is limited, in some sense for a lack of valid analysis on mesoscale convective systems and its favorable environments. This paper introduces the mesoscale weather chart analysis techniq ue which was tested in the National Meteorological Center (NMC). Mesoscale weath er chart analyzes the favorable environmental conditions of mesoscale convective systems based on observational data and numerical weather forecast outputs. It includes upper air composite chart and surface chart. In the upper air composite ch art, by analyzing wind, temperature, moisture, temperature change and height change, the diagnostic systems and features in all the lower, middle and upper t roposphere isobaric layers are combined into one plot, which can clearly displa y the available environments and synoptic pattern of severe convective weather. In the surface chart, the analysis contents are pressure, wind, temperature, moi sture, convective weather phenomena and all kinds of boundaries (fronts). The te st in NMC shows that mesoscale weather chart analysis is a dependable means for severe convective weather outlook forecasting.
Mesoscale severe weather forecasting ability is limited, in some sense for a lack of valid analysis on mesoscale convective systems and its favorable environments. This paper introduces the mesoscale weather chart analysis techniq ue which was tested in the National Meteorological Center (NMC). Mesoscale weath er chart analyzes the favorable environmental conditions of mesoscale convective systems based on observational data and numerical weather forecast outputs. It includes upper air composite chart and surface chart. In the upper air composite ch art, by analyzing wind, temperature, moisture, temperature change and height change, the diagnostic systems and features in all the lower, middle and upper t roposphere isobaric layers are combined into one plot, which can clearly displa y the available environments and synoptic pattern of severe convective weather. In the surface chart, the analysis contents are pressure, wind, temperature, moi sture, convective weather phenomena and all kinds of boundaries (fronts). The te st in NMC shows that mesoscale weather chart analysis is a dependable means for severe convective weather outlook forecasting.
2014,40(2):133-145, DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2014.02.001
Abstract:
By using the NCEP reanalysis data, the vapor budget of the area covered by the severe torrential rain over the northeast of North China on 21 July, 2012 is calculated according to the vapor budget equation. The results show that meridional water vapor transportation is dominant while the extremely heavy rain hits Beijing Region, where most moist vapor comes from the southern boundary below 500 hPa. The low level regional moisture convergence is consistent with the time and space when the torrential rain breaks out and develops. Above the middle level the vertical vapor transport is more prominent. Then the variation features of the vapor transport corridors and their moisture contributions are got through the HYSPLIT mode. The backward trajectory analyses illustrate two major vapor transport corridors. The moistest vapor derived from Yellow Sea and East China Sea along the low level make the main moisture contribution during the heavy precipitation. Moisture from the South China Sea and the Bay of Bengal strengthens the water vapor in the region when the heavy rain starts and develops. Also the drier vapor corridor along the high level from the northwest of China plays an important role in this case.
By using the NCEP reanalysis data, the vapor budget of the area covered by the severe torrential rain over the northeast of North China on 21 July, 2012 is calculated according to the vapor budget equation. The results show that meridional water vapor transportation is dominant while the extremely heavy rain hits Beijing Region, where most moist vapor comes from the southern boundary below 500 hPa. The low level regional moisture convergence is consistent with the time and space when the torrential rain breaks out and develops. Above the middle level the vertical vapor transport is more prominent. Then the variation features of the vapor transport corridors and their moisture contributions are got through the HYSPLIT mode. The backward trajectory analyses illustrate two major vapor transport corridors. The moistest vapor derived from Yellow Sea and East China Sea along the low level make the main moisture contribution during the heavy precipitation. Moisture from the South China Sea and the Bay of Bengal strengthens the water vapor in the region when the heavy rain starts and develops. Also the drier vapor corridor along the high level from the northwest of China plays an important role in this case.
2014,40(4):400-411, DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2014.04.002
Abstract:
Based on the synoptic environment analysis of about 100 severe convection cases in China since 2000 and the reference of related literatures, from the perspectives of the three essential conditions for the development of severe convection, namely the thermal instability, lift and moisture, five basic synoptic situation configurations of severe convection in China are proposed and expounded. They are cold advection forcing category, warm advection forcing category, baroclinic frontogenesis category, quasi barotropic category and elevated thunderstorm category. The typical characteristics of the upper cold advection forcing category is that the mid upper strong cold advection above 500 hPa strengthens and reaches the boundary warm convergence zone. The warm advection forcing category is characterized by trough with special structure moving over low level strong warm and moist advection. The deep convection produced by the mid lower layer convergence of cold and warm air features the baroclinic frontogenesis category. The quasi barotropic category mostly occurs at the northern and the southern edges or the interior of summer subtropical high and the area with weak baroclinicity, where the dynamic forcing and the surface inhomogeneous local heating play major roles. The features of elevated thunderstorms are the southwest jet in 700-500 hPa lifted by boundary cold wedge and the instable energy is from above 700 hPa. The classification based on the difference of the formation mechanisms can grasp accurately the synoptic characteristics, the situation configurations, the dynamic and thermal properties and the key points in analyzing short term potential forecast, providing more technical support to further enhance the level of weather prediction.
Based on the synoptic environment analysis of about 100 severe convection cases in China since 2000 and the reference of related literatures, from the perspectives of the three essential conditions for the development of severe convection, namely the thermal instability, lift and moisture, five basic synoptic situation configurations of severe convection in China are proposed and expounded. They are cold advection forcing category, warm advection forcing category, baroclinic frontogenesis category, quasi barotropic category and elevated thunderstorm category. The typical characteristics of the upper cold advection forcing category is that the mid upper strong cold advection above 500 hPa strengthens and reaches the boundary warm convergence zone. The warm advection forcing category is characterized by trough with special structure moving over low level strong warm and moist advection. The deep convection produced by the mid lower layer convergence of cold and warm air features the baroclinic frontogenesis category. The quasi barotropic category mostly occurs at the northern and the southern edges or the interior of summer subtropical high and the area with weak baroclinicity, where the dynamic forcing and the surface inhomogeneous local heating play major roles. The features of elevated thunderstorms are the southwest jet in 700-500 hPa lifted by boundary cold wedge and the instable energy is from above 700 hPa. The classification based on the difference of the formation mechanisms can grasp accurately the synoptic characteristics, the situation configurations, the dynamic and thermal properties and the key points in analyzing short term potential forecast, providing more technical support to further enhance the level of weather prediction.
2012,38(1):1-16, DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2012.01.001
Abstract:
In this paper, the modulation of atmospheric MJO on typhoon generation over the northwestern Pacific and its mechanism are first studied by using the MJO index. The results show that the MJO plays an important modulation role in typhoon generation over the northwestern Pacific: The proportion of typhoon number is 21 between active period and inactive period; During the MJO active period, the proportion of typhoon number is also 2:1 between phases 5-6 and phases 2-3 of MJO. The composite analyses of atmospheric circulation show that there are different circulation patterns over the northwestern Pacific in different phases of the MJO, which will affect the typhoon generation. In phases 5-6 (2-3), the dynamic factor and convective heating patterns over western Pacific are favorable (unfavorable) for typhoon generation. Then， the comparing analyses of the 30-60 day low frequency kinetic energy in lower and higher levels of the troposphere show that the atmospheric intraseasonal oscillation over the northwestern Pacific has a clear impact on the typhoon generation. There is an evident positive (negative) anomaly area of 30-60 day low frequency kinetic energy in the more (less) typhoon years over the northwestern Pacific east of the Philippines, which means that strong (weak) atmospheric intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) over the northwestern Pacific is favorable (unfavorable) for typhoon generation. The analyses of 200 hPa velocity potential show that there is a clear divergence (convergence) pattern over the northwestern Pacific in the more (less) typhoon years, which is favorable (unfavorable) for typhoon generation. The modulation of the intraseasonal oscillation on the typhoon tracks over the northwestern Pacific is studied by observational data analyses. We classified the main classes of typhoon tracks into 5 types as straight west moving typhoons (I), northwest moving typhoons (II), recurving to Korea/west of Japan typhoons (III), landing on Japan typhoons (IV) and recurving to the east of Japan typhoons (V). Then the composite analyses of atmospheric low-frequency wind fields at 850, 500 and 200 hPa, corresponding to the typhoon forming date, for every typhoon track are completed. The analysis results of relationships between the low-frequency (ISO) wind fields and typhoon tracks have indicated that the typhoon tracks will be affected by wind pattern of the ISO. The low frequency positive vorticity belt (the maximum value line of cyclonic vorticity) associated with low-frequency cyclone (LFC) at 850 hPa is so closely related to the typhoon track, that the maximum value line (belt) of low frequency cyclonic vorticity can be an important factor to predicate the typhoon tracks over the northwestern Pacific. And the typhoon tracks will be also affected by the ISO circulation pattern at 200 hPa, particularly the strong low frequency wind associated with low frequency anticyclone (LFAC).
In this paper, the modulation of atmospheric MJO on typhoon generation over the northwestern Pacific and its mechanism are first studied by using the MJO index. The results show that the MJO plays an important modulation role in typhoon generation over the northwestern Pacific: The proportion of typhoon number is 21 between active period and inactive period; During the MJO active period, the proportion of typhoon number is also 2:1 between phases 5-6 and phases 2-3 of MJO. The composite analyses of atmospheric circulation show that there are different circulation patterns over the northwestern Pacific in different phases of the MJO, which will affect the typhoon generation. In phases 5-6 (2-3), the dynamic factor and convective heating patterns over western Pacific are favorable (unfavorable) for typhoon generation. Then， the comparing analyses of the 30-60 day low frequency kinetic energy in lower and higher levels of the troposphere show that the atmospheric intraseasonal oscillation over the northwestern Pacific has a clear impact on the typhoon generation. There is an evident positive (negative) anomaly area of 30-60 day low frequency kinetic energy in the more (less) typhoon years over the northwestern Pacific east of the Philippines, which means that strong (weak) atmospheric intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) over the northwestern Pacific is favorable (unfavorable) for typhoon generation. The analyses of 200 hPa velocity potential show that there is a clear divergence (convergence) pattern over the northwestern Pacific in the more (less) typhoon years, which is favorable (unfavorable) for typhoon generation. The modulation of the intraseasonal oscillation on the typhoon tracks over the northwestern Pacific is studied by observational data analyses. We classified the main classes of typhoon tracks into 5 types as straight west moving typhoons (I), northwest moving typhoons (II), recurving to Korea/west of Japan typhoons (III), landing on Japan typhoons (IV) and recurving to the east of Japan typhoons (V). Then the composite analyses of atmospheric low-frequency wind fields at 850, 500 and 200 hPa, corresponding to the typhoon forming date, for every typhoon track are completed. The analysis results of relationships between the low-frequency (ISO) wind fields and typhoon tracks have indicated that the typhoon tracks will be affected by wind pattern of the ISO. The low frequency positive vorticity belt (the maximum value line of cyclonic vorticity) associated with low-frequency cyclone (LFC) at 850 hPa is so closely related to the typhoon track, that the maximum value line (belt) of low frequency cyclonic vorticity can be an important factor to predicate the typhoon tracks over the northwestern Pacific. And the typhoon tracks will be also affected by the ISO circulation pattern at 200 hPa, particularly the strong low frequency wind associated with low frequency anticyclone (LFAC).
2011,37(10):1262-1269, DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2011.10.009
Abstract:
Based on the daily precipitation data at 110 observational stations during 1961-2008 in South China， the climatic characteristics and variation of torrential rain days， rainstorm intensity and contribution which is in annual， the first and second flood seasons in South China were studied by using statistical and diagnostic methods， such as linear regression analysis， Mann Kendall test， wavelet analysis and the computation of trend coefficients. The results have shown that the annual mean torrential rain days have a decreasing trend from coastal regions to inland in South China in recent 48 years， the highest center is in Dongxing of Guangxi （14.9 d）， and the lowest center is in Longlin of Guangxi （3.2 d）. About 72% of the total torrential rain days occurred in the flood seasons with about 45% in the first season and 27% in the second season. The mean torrential rain days have increased faintly in annual， the first and second flood seasons in South China， but it is not obvious. There are the characteristics of interannual and interdecadal changes. The mean rainstorm intensity has increased faintly in annual and in the first flood season in South China. However, since 2005 it has become obviously. The mean rainstorm intensity has declined in the second flood season， but it is not obvious. The annual mean rainstorm contribution to the total rainfall has increased obviously， but the mean contribution is not obvious in the first and second flood seasons. The wavelet analysis has shown that the changes of torrential rain days， intensity and contribution which is in annual， the first and second flood seasons in South China have two significant periods of 2-3 a and 3-4 a.
Based on the daily precipitation data at 110 observational stations during 1961-2008 in South China， the climatic characteristics and variation of torrential rain days， rainstorm intensity and contribution which is in annual， the first and second flood seasons in South China were studied by using statistical and diagnostic methods， such as linear regression analysis， Mann Kendall test， wavelet analysis and the computation of trend coefficients. The results have shown that the annual mean torrential rain days have a decreasing trend from coastal regions to inland in South China in recent 48 years， the highest center is in Dongxing of Guangxi （14.9 d）， and the lowest center is in Longlin of Guangxi （3.2 d）. About 72% of the total torrential rain days occurred in the flood seasons with about 45% in the first season and 27% in the second season. The mean torrential rain days have increased faintly in annual， the first and second flood seasons in South China， but it is not obvious. There are the characteristics of interannual and interdecadal changes. The mean rainstorm intensity has increased faintly in annual and in the first flood season in South China. However, since 2005 it has become obviously. The mean rainstorm intensity has declined in the second flood season， but it is not obvious. The annual mean rainstorm contribution to the total rainfall has increased obviously， but the mean contribution is not obvious in the first and second flood seasons. The wavelet analysis has shown that the changes of torrential rain days， intensity and contribution which is in annual， the first and second flood seasons in South China have two significant periods of 2-3 a and 3-4 a.
2012,38(2):164-173, DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2012.02.004
Abstract:
Many weather forecasters seem to have acquaintance with most of basic concepts or fundamental theories which are connected with severe convection, but some of them are misapplied frequently by some forecasters when they are engaged in severe convective weather analysis or forecasting argumentation. Due to the above problem, some basic concepts and fundamental theories should be explained from the view of forecasting application. The following issues are discussed in this paper. They are the relationship between humidity and water vapor content, the role of clod air during the precipitation process, the fundamental theories connected with thermal and dynamic instability, the sounding analysis related to instability parameters, the relationship between helicity or moist potential vorticity and instability, the relationship among the convergence line, lifting velocity and convective vertical movement, and the essential connection between the synoptic patterns and severe convective phenomena.
Many weather forecasters seem to have acquaintance with most of basic concepts or fundamental theories which are connected with severe convection, but some of them are misapplied frequently by some forecasters when they are engaged in severe convective weather analysis or forecasting argumentation. Due to the above problem, some basic concepts and fundamental theories should be explained from the view of forecasting application. The following issues are discussed in this paper. They are the relationship between humidity and water vapor content, the role of clod air during the precipitation process, the fundamental theories connected with thermal and dynamic instability, the sounding analysis related to instability parameters, the relationship between helicity or moist potential vorticity and instability, the relationship among the convergence line, lifting velocity and convective vertical movement, and the essential connection between the synoptic patterns and severe convective phenomena.
2014,40(7):816-826, DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2014.07.005
Abstract:
In term of precipitation data of 2400 stations from 1981 to 2010, annual, seasonal and monthly distribution and evolution characteristics of rainstorm were analyzed. The results show that the processes of rainstorm have been increased evidently since 21 century especially in the south of China, but the duration is relatively short. Rainstorm days have been increased, but the amount of precipitation is not as much as in 1990s. Variation trend of the annual (monthly) precipitation amount is in accordance with that of rainstorm days, but rainfall is averagely more while the rainstorm days are less during spring rainfall phase over the south of Yangtze River. Distribution of the maximum annual rainstorm days is very similar with that of the annual mean rainstorm days, revealing the feature of more in south and east but less in north and west. Maximum annual rainstorm days are more than double of annual average rainstorm days with multi centers due to the effect of topography. The months of maximum monthly rainstorm days over different regions of the same province are incompletely same as the result of the impact of different weather systems. Generally, rainstorm days have been increased since 2000, rainstorm begins earlier, ends latter and lasts longer than before. Nowadays, as the extreme rainfall events and secondary disasters happen frequently, it is conducive for the forecast of quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF) to learn the spatio temporal distribution and evolution features of rainstorm.
In term of precipitation data of 2400 stations from 1981 to 2010, annual, seasonal and monthly distribution and evolution characteristics of rainstorm were analyzed. The results show that the processes of rainstorm have been increased evidently since 21 century especially in the south of China, but the duration is relatively short. Rainstorm days have been increased, but the amount of precipitation is not as much as in 1990s. Variation trend of the annual (monthly) precipitation amount is in accordance with that of rainstorm days, but rainfall is averagely more while the rainstorm days are less during spring rainfall phase over the south of Yangtze River. Distribution of the maximum annual rainstorm days is very similar with that of the annual mean rainstorm days, revealing the feature of more in south and east but less in north and west. Maximum annual rainstorm days are more than double of annual average rainstorm days with multi centers due to the effect of topography. The months of maximum monthly rainstorm days over different regions of the same province are incompletely same as the result of the impact of different weather systems. Generally, rainstorm days have been increased since 2000, rainstorm begins earlier, ends latter and lasts longer than before. Nowadays, as the extreme rainfall events and secondary disasters happen frequently, it is conducive for the forecast of quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF) to learn the spatio temporal distribution and evolution features of rainstorm.
2015,41(2):212-218, DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2015.02.009
Abstract:
From 1 May to 8 June 2013 CMA Meteorological Observation Centre conducted an experiment of cloud height observations by using cloud radar (35 GHz), whose observation data are the echo power value and temporal resolution is 1 min and a ceilometer whose observation data are the back scattering intens data with 1 min temporal resolution. The result of analyzing the data observed from the 39 d experiment indicates that: (1) the data acquisition ratio of cloud radar is 26% larger than that of ceilometer; (2) the ratio is 51% in fog haze weather; (3) relatively, precipitation has more significant effect on cloud base height measured by laser ceilometer than that by cloud radar; (4) height of cloud base measured by cloud radar is almost consistent with the height by ceilometer because their average deviation is less than 300 m.
From 1 May to 8 June 2013 CMA Meteorological Observation Centre conducted an experiment of cloud height observations by using cloud radar (35 GHz), whose observation data are the echo power value and temporal resolution is 1 min and a ceilometer whose observation data are the back scattering intens data with 1 min temporal resolution. The result of analyzing the data observed from the 39 d experiment indicates that: (1) the data acquisition ratio of cloud radar is 26% larger than that of ceilometer; (2) the ratio is 51% in fog haze weather; (3) relatively, precipitation has more significant effect on cloud base height measured by laser ceilometer than that by cloud radar; (4) height of cloud base measured by cloud radar is almost consistent with the height by ceilometer because their average deviation is less than 300 m.
2011,37(5):599-606, DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2011.5.012
Abstract:
Using the diurnal snow data of 120 meteorological stations in Yunnan Province during 1961-2008, the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics and the trend of climatic change of the annual and monthly snow fall are analyzed. It is pointed out that the total trend of snow frequency and covering stations has been decreasing in Yunnan in the recent 50 years. And the annual snow frequency has declined at a mean rate of 4.5 times per year. The temporal trends of monthly snow frequency and covering stations are all negative. Moreover the reduction of snow frequency in December is the largest in magnitude, therefore, it is the most remarkable. And the reduction of snow stations in April is the largest. As far as the spatial change of the secular trend variation of annual snow frequency is concerned, the reduction of annual snow frequency is larger in Northwest Yunnan than in its northeast and east, where the reduction rate is 0.44 times per year. And the temporal changes of annual snowfall and depth of snow cover are studied, the results show that the secular trends of annual snowfall and the maximum depth of snow cover are all positive. This means that in the nearly 50 years the heavy snow frequency has increased over Yunnan Province.
Using the diurnal snow data of 120 meteorological stations in Yunnan Province during 1961-2008, the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics and the trend of climatic change of the annual and monthly snow fall are analyzed. It is pointed out that the total trend of snow frequency and covering stations has been decreasing in Yunnan in the recent 50 years. And the annual snow frequency has declined at a mean rate of 4.5 times per year. The temporal trends of monthly snow frequency and covering stations are all negative. Moreover the reduction of snow frequency in December is the largest in magnitude, therefore, it is the most remarkable. And the reduction of snow stations in April is the largest. As far as the spatial change of the secular trend variation of annual snow frequency is concerned, the reduction of annual snow frequency is larger in Northwest Yunnan than in its northeast and east, where the reduction rate is 0.44 times per year. And the temporal changes of annual snowfall and depth of snow cover are studied, the results show that the secular trends of annual snowfall and the maximum depth of snow cover are all positive. This means that in the nearly 50 years the heavy snow frequency has increased over Yunnan Province.
2014,40(4):389-399, DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2014.04.001
Abstract:
Thunderstorm potential forecasting based on three ingredients has been widely accepted. This article aims to discuss some basical questions in operational forecast applications, and clarify some easily confused concepts. The content includes atmospheric instablility and convection, thunderstorms trigger mechanism and lifting and its relationship with snoptical weather system, how to deal with the three elements of the thunderstorm “enough”, the combination of pattern recognition and ingredients based forecasting methodology. Atmospheric instablility is one of the three ingredients of convection initiation, and it is also very important to thunderstorm short time forecasting and analysis. This paper discusses various mesoscale instability related to the thunderstorm, and inicates how to estimate the spatial and temporal evolution of CAPE. In addition, the definition and criterion for potential instability and symmetric instability are discussed profoundly.
Thunderstorm potential forecasting based on three ingredients has been widely accepted. This article aims to discuss some basical questions in operational forecast applications, and clarify some easily confused concepts. The content includes atmospheric instablility and convection, thunderstorms trigger mechanism and lifting and its relationship with snoptical weather system, how to deal with the three elements of the thunderstorm “enough”, the combination of pattern recognition and ingredients based forecasting methodology. Atmospheric instablility is one of the three ingredients of convection initiation, and it is also very important to thunderstorm short time forecasting and analysis. This paper discusses various mesoscale instability related to the thunderstorm, and inicates how to estimate the spatial and temporal evolution of CAPE. In addition, the definition and criterion for potential instability and symmetric instability are discussed profoundly.
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