ISSN 1000-0526
CN 11-2282/P
CN 11-2282/P
Volume 52,Issue 2,2026 Table of Contents
2026, 52(2):129-145.
DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2025.081401
Abstract:
In recent years, the X-band dual-polarization phased array weather radars (X-PAR) have been densely deployed in multiple regions across China, for they have the advantage of high spatio-temporal resolution. However, the data quality and limited coverage of a single X-PAR restrict the data application. To give full play to the dense radar network composed of the S-band dual-polarization weather radar (S-POL) and X-PAR, and to obtain precise three-dimensional observation results, this study constructs the data quality evaluation parameters for the radar variables with different wavelengths to achieve the interpolation and mosaicking of single-wavelength radar networks. Furthermore, the S-POL mosaic is taken as a background field with the low-resolution and credible characteristic, and combined with the observed detail structures from the X-PAR mosaic, the fusion of the S-POL and X-PAR radar mosaics is realized. The results show that by calculating the data quality evaluation parameters, combining the spatial distance from radar bins to grid points, and setting weights to perform interpolation and mosaicking for each radar, the mosaics can retain the high-quality observations and common observational characteristics of the radars. With the fusion method of the S-POL and X-PAR radar mosaics simultaneously, the retention of the intensity distribution of the S-POL and the detailed features of the X-PAR is achieved. This method can effectively help utilize the observational advantages of the densely networked S-POL and X-PAR and obtain an accurate and detailed three-dimensional radar observation field.
In recent years, the X-band dual-polarization phased array weather radars (X-PAR) have been densely deployed in multiple regions across China, for they have the advantage of high spatio-temporal resolution. However, the data quality and limited coverage of a single X-PAR restrict the data application. To give full play to the dense radar network composed of the S-band dual-polarization weather radar (S-POL) and X-PAR, and to obtain precise three-dimensional observation results, this study constructs the data quality evaluation parameters for the radar variables with different wavelengths to achieve the interpolation and mosaicking of single-wavelength radar networks. Furthermore, the S-POL mosaic is taken as a background field with the low-resolution and credible characteristic, and combined with the observed detail structures from the X-PAR mosaic, the fusion of the S-POL and X-PAR radar mosaics is realized. The results show that by calculating the data quality evaluation parameters, combining the spatial distance from radar bins to grid points, and setting weights to perform interpolation and mosaicking for each radar, the mosaics can retain the high-quality observations and common observational characteristics of the radars. With the fusion method of the S-POL and X-PAR radar mosaics simultaneously, the retention of the intensity distribution of the S-POL and the detailed features of the X-PAR is achieved. This method can effectively help utilize the observational advantages of the densely networked S-POL and X-PAR and obtain an accurate and detailed three-dimensional radar observation field.
2026, 52(2):146-159.
DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2025.071601
Abstract:
Radar data features and hail warning are investigated through differential reflectivity (ZDR) and cold-layer composite differential reflectivity (CZDRC) on the basis of three hail cases observed in Shandong Province in recent years. The results indicate that even when the radar echo area is relatively small, a 3 dB ZDR column feature can be observed within the cloud near the hailfall spots in the CZDRC chart. The ZDR column appears 20-40 min before the first hailfall time during a hail event, which is 10-20 min earlier than the traditional 45 dBz or 55 dBz reflectivity factor threshold, indicating its potential as an early warning indicator for hail. Weather radars of different wavelengths and scanning systems, including X-band dual-polarization phased-array radar, S-band, and C-band radars, present the ZDR column feature necessary for severe convective weather warnings in both the CZDRC chart and ZDR echo area time-height plot. Additionally, the ZDR column feature on the CZDRC chart is closely situated, surrounding the hailfall spots in all three studycases. These ZDR column features are located northwest of the hailfall spots, which are in the mid-tropospheric upwind direction, and could serve as a reference for forecasting and warning of hailfall locations.
Radar data features and hail warning are investigated through differential reflectivity (ZDR) and cold-layer composite differential reflectivity (CZDRC) on the basis of three hail cases observed in Shandong Province in recent years. The results indicate that even when the radar echo area is relatively small, a 3 dB ZDR column feature can be observed within the cloud near the hailfall spots in the CZDRC chart. The ZDR column appears 20-40 min before the first hailfall time during a hail event, which is 10-20 min earlier than the traditional 45 dBz or 55 dBz reflectivity factor threshold, indicating its potential as an early warning indicator for hail. Weather radars of different wavelengths and scanning systems, including X-band dual-polarization phased-array radar, S-band, and C-band radars, present the ZDR column feature necessary for severe convective weather warnings in both the CZDRC chart and ZDR echo area time-height plot. Additionally, the ZDR column feature on the CZDRC chart is closely situated, surrounding the hailfall spots in all three studycases. These ZDR column features are located northwest of the hailfall spots, which are in the mid-tropospheric upwind direction, and could serve as a reference for forecasting and warning of hailfall locations.
2026, 52(2):160-173.
DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.10000526.2025.101301
Abstract:
To enhance the forecasting capability for flash heavy rainfall (FHR) in the Beijing Daxing International Airport (PKX) region, by using minutely and hourly data from May to September during 2014-2023, combined with ERA5 reanalysis data, this paper classifies circulation patterns and analyzes the precipitation as well as their spatiotemporal distribution characteristics and ambient conditions. The results show that FHR processes are classified into five circulation patterns, listing in descending order according to their percentages as follows: the Mongolian vortex and trough type, the western Pacific subtropical high edge type, the interaction type of westerly trough and western Pacific subtropical high, the HuangHuai vortex inverted trough type, and the Northeast China cold vortex rear type. The annual average frequency of FHR is relatively higher in the eastern part of the PKX region, showing an upward fluctuating trend over the past decade. FHR events are most frequent in July and August, with that in July accounting for more than half of the occurrences. The diurnal variation exhibits a unimodal distribution, peaking in the period from 22:00 BT to 23:00 BT, with durations generally ranging from 40 to 80 min. The western Pacific subtropical high edge type, the interaction type of westerly trough and western Pacific subtropical high, and the Northeast China cold vortex rear type have distinct temporal characteristics, with the former two being predominantly nocturnal and the latter occurring more frequently in the afternoon. Intense FHR (≥50 mm·h-1) primarily occurs under western Pacific subtropical high edge type, and Mongolian vortex and trough type. Significant differences are observed in the ambient conditions under different circulation patterns. The western Pacific subtropical high edge type, interaction type of westerly trough and western Pacific subtropical high, and the HuangHuai vortex inverted trough type are characterized by abundant moisture, with the vertically integrated precipitable water exceeding 50 mm and high convective available potential energy, whereas the HuangHuai vortex inverted trough type exhibits strong moisture convergence despite weaker thermal instability, often featuring boundarylayer easterly jets that sustain precipitation. The Northeast China cold vortex rear type, despite limited integrated moisture, is benefitial for localized heavy rainfall through strong lowlevel warm advection and significant upperlower atmospheric temperature differences, favoring the development of localized heavy rainfall.
To enhance the forecasting capability for flash heavy rainfall (FHR) in the Beijing Daxing International Airport (PKX) region, by using minutely and hourly data from May to September during 2014-2023, combined with ERA5 reanalysis data, this paper classifies circulation patterns and analyzes the precipitation as well as their spatiotemporal distribution characteristics and ambient conditions. The results show that FHR processes are classified into five circulation patterns, listing in descending order according to their percentages as follows: the Mongolian vortex and trough type, the western Pacific subtropical high edge type, the interaction type of westerly trough and western Pacific subtropical high, the HuangHuai vortex inverted trough type, and the Northeast China cold vortex rear type. The annual average frequency of FHR is relatively higher in the eastern part of the PKX region, showing an upward fluctuating trend over the past decade. FHR events are most frequent in July and August, with that in July accounting for more than half of the occurrences. The diurnal variation exhibits a unimodal distribution, peaking in the period from 22:00 BT to 23:00 BT, with durations generally ranging from 40 to 80 min. The western Pacific subtropical high edge type, the interaction type of westerly trough and western Pacific subtropical high, and the Northeast China cold vortex rear type have distinct temporal characteristics, with the former two being predominantly nocturnal and the latter occurring more frequently in the afternoon. Intense FHR (≥50 mm·h-1) primarily occurs under western Pacific subtropical high edge type, and Mongolian vortex and trough type. Significant differences are observed in the ambient conditions under different circulation patterns. The western Pacific subtropical high edge type, interaction type of westerly trough and western Pacific subtropical high, and the HuangHuai vortex inverted trough type are characterized by abundant moisture, with the vertically integrated precipitable water exceeding 50 mm and high convective available potential energy, whereas the HuangHuai vortex inverted trough type exhibits strong moisture convergence despite weaker thermal instability, often featuring boundarylayer easterly jets that sustain precipitation. The Northeast China cold vortex rear type, despite limited integrated moisture, is benefitial for localized heavy rainfall through strong lowlevel warm advection and significant upperlower atmospheric temperature differences, favoring the development of localized heavy rainfall.
2026, 52(2):174-189.
DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2025.022001
Abstract:
A documented tornado outbreak event occurred in Shandong Province on 5 July 2024, influenced by the upper-level trough and Huang-Huai cyclone.The event notably impacted Heze City, where tornadoes are rarely reported, and caused substantial casualties and property damages. This study analyzes the development and evolution of tornadoes as well as their environmental conditions and mesoscale characteristics in Dongming and Juancheng counties of Heze City, based on disaster investigations, online video and photo evidences, ERA5 reanalysis data and dual-polarization radar observations. The main conclusions are as follows. According to the comprehensive assessment, the maximum force of the tornadoes in Dongming and Juancheng counties reached the degree of strong tornado (equivalent to level EF2-EF3). The tornados occurred at the location approximately 50 km northeast of the Huang-Huai cyclone center. The environment features conducive to the formation of supercell tornadoes included abundant water vapor, low lifting condensation level, sufficient convective instability energy, strong storm-relative helicity, and strong vertical wind shear. The surface meso-β scale convergence line and appropriate cold pool intensity provided favorable conditions for the initiation and development of the supercell tornadic storm, strengthening the near-surface vertical vorticity. Both tornadoes originated from the same southwest-northeast moving supercell, characterized by a robust echo centroid near 5 km altitude, and a persistent, deep meso- cyclone with a tilted vertical structure. The tornadoes appeared at the top of the hook echo of the supercell, and the period of tornado occurrence was accompanied by signals such as the reduction of mesocyclone scale and the enhancement of cyclonic vortex. The two radars both detected tornado vortex signature (TVS) and tornado debris signature (TDS), with the earliest detection of TVS being 15 min and 5 min ahead of the tornado occurrence time, respectively. During the process tornado, the correlation coefficient (CC) corresponding to the vortex features rapidly decreased. The lowest value (0.46) of CC appeared at the time when ground damage was most severe, which may be attributed to the mixing of hydrometeor particles and a large amount of debris carried by the strong updraft, as well as the reduction in signal-to-noise ratio caused by the intense updraft. After the tornado dissipated, the low CC value characteristic persisted for more than 15 min. These findings can enhance understanding of Huang-Huai cyclone-associated tornadoes and provide operational guidance for tornado monitoring and warning systems.
A documented tornado outbreak event occurred in Shandong Province on 5 July 2024, influenced by the upper-level trough and Huang-Huai cyclone.The event notably impacted Heze City, where tornadoes are rarely reported, and caused substantial casualties and property damages. This study analyzes the development and evolution of tornadoes as well as their environmental conditions and mesoscale characteristics in Dongming and Juancheng counties of Heze City, based on disaster investigations, online video and photo evidences, ERA5 reanalysis data and dual-polarization radar observations. The main conclusions are as follows. According to the comprehensive assessment, the maximum force of the tornadoes in Dongming and Juancheng counties reached the degree of strong tornado (equivalent to level EF2-EF3). The tornados occurred at the location approximately 50 km northeast of the Huang-Huai cyclone center. The environment features conducive to the formation of supercell tornadoes included abundant water vapor, low lifting condensation level, sufficient convective instability energy, strong storm-relative helicity, and strong vertical wind shear. The surface meso-β scale convergence line and appropriate cold pool intensity provided favorable conditions for the initiation and development of the supercell tornadic storm, strengthening the near-surface vertical vorticity. Both tornadoes originated from the same southwest-northeast moving supercell, characterized by a robust echo centroid near 5 km altitude, and a persistent, deep meso- cyclone with a tilted vertical structure. The tornadoes appeared at the top of the hook echo of the supercell, and the period of tornado occurrence was accompanied by signals such as the reduction of mesocyclone scale and the enhancement of cyclonic vortex. The two radars both detected tornado vortex signature (TVS) and tornado debris signature (TDS), with the earliest detection of TVS being 15 min and 5 min ahead of the tornado occurrence time, respectively. During the process tornado, the correlation coefficient (CC) corresponding to the vortex features rapidly decreased. The lowest value (0.46) of CC appeared at the time when ground damage was most severe, which may be attributed to the mixing of hydrometeor particles and a large amount of debris carried by the strong updraft, as well as the reduction in signal-to-noise ratio caused by the intense updraft. After the tornado dissipated, the low CC value characteristic persisted for more than 15 min. These findings can enhance understanding of Huang-Huai cyclone-associated tornadoes and provide operational guidance for tornado monitoring and warning systems.
2026, 52(2):190-203.
DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2024.123101
Abstract:
From 9 to 15 April 2023, a rare sand-dust weather event lasted for 6 days in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region. Utilizing conventional meteorological data, reanalysis data, and data obtained by new detection methods such as wind-profiling radar and lidar, this study analyzes the characteristics and maintenance mechanisms of the sand-dust weather in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region. The results show that this sand-dust weather event was caused by the influence of a Mongolian cyclone, two cold fronts, and a persistent southwesterly flow. During the Mongolian cyclone phase, the sand originated from southern Mongolia was lifted and transported along the 700 hPa jet stream axis, forming near-surface blowing sand or floating dust through dry deposition. In the cold front phase, extensive dust sources and the passage of a surface cold front caused a rapid increase in surface wind speed, lifting large amounts of sand and dust, which then traveled to Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region along the low-level jet in the troposphere and was rapidly transported to the surface with the descending airflow behind the cold front. During the southerly airflow phase, influenced by the return of sand sources from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, sand-dust was continuously transported northward under the action of the southerly airflow behind the surface high pressure system, reaching relatively low altitudes and forming mainly blowing sand or floating dust through dry deposition on the surface. Characteristics of the sand and dust varied under the influence of different systems. During the Mongolian cyclone phase, the sand had a weaker impact but a higher upper boundary height; during the cold front phase, the sand-dust concentrations were high and the visibility was low. Then, a sandstorm occurred after the cold front’s passage and lasted for two hours, followed by clean air thirteen hours later; during the southerly airflow phase, the sand-dust lasted longer but was the weakest in intensity. During this sand-dust weather, the local turbulent dissipation rate increased three hours before the sand-dust concentration increased, which has good indicative significance for dust monitoring and forecasting. The above analysis results have a good reference value for future dust weather forecasting.
From 9 to 15 April 2023, a rare sand-dust weather event lasted for 6 days in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region. Utilizing conventional meteorological data, reanalysis data, and data obtained by new detection methods such as wind-profiling radar and lidar, this study analyzes the characteristics and maintenance mechanisms of the sand-dust weather in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region. The results show that this sand-dust weather event was caused by the influence of a Mongolian cyclone, two cold fronts, and a persistent southwesterly flow. During the Mongolian cyclone phase, the sand originated from southern Mongolia was lifted and transported along the 700 hPa jet stream axis, forming near-surface blowing sand or floating dust through dry deposition. In the cold front phase, extensive dust sources and the passage of a surface cold front caused a rapid increase in surface wind speed, lifting large amounts of sand and dust, which then traveled to Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region along the low-level jet in the troposphere and was rapidly transported to the surface with the descending airflow behind the cold front. During the southerly airflow phase, influenced by the return of sand sources from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, sand-dust was continuously transported northward under the action of the southerly airflow behind the surface high pressure system, reaching relatively low altitudes and forming mainly blowing sand or floating dust through dry deposition on the surface. Characteristics of the sand and dust varied under the influence of different systems. During the Mongolian cyclone phase, the sand had a weaker impact but a higher upper boundary height; during the cold front phase, the sand-dust concentrations were high and the visibility was low. Then, a sandstorm occurred after the cold front’s passage and lasted for two hours, followed by clean air thirteen hours later; during the southerly airflow phase, the sand-dust lasted longer but was the weakest in intensity. During this sand-dust weather, the local turbulent dissipation rate increased three hours before the sand-dust concentration increased, which has good indicative significance for dust monitoring and forecasting. The above analysis results have a good reference value for future dust weather forecasting.
2026, 52(2):204-215.
DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.10000526.2025.072401
Abstract:
Based on the data from meteorological and environmental monitoring stations, O3 meteorological condition evaluation index, O3 source apportionment products, GDAS and other data, combined with HYSPLIT model and other methods, the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of O3 pollution in Shaanxi Province from May to October (warm season) in 2019-2023 are analyzed. The impact of meteorological conditions on the changes of O3 concentration is quantitatively evaluated. At the same time, the contributions of local source, transport and different precursors to O3 pollution are quantitatively separated. Finally, the transport path of O3 pollution is explored. The results show that in the warm season of 2022, O3 pollution in Shaanxi was the heaviest, while in 2020 the pollution was the lightest. The O3 concentration showed a typical unimodal pattern in monthly and daily variations, with monthly peak occurring in June, daily peak appearing from 15:00 BT to 16:00 BT and daily minimum value at 07:00 BT. The O3 pollution in Guanzhong Region was the heaviest, mainly concentrated in the inner layer of the trumpet mouth terrain, whilst the O3 pollution was the lightest in southern Shaanxi. During the warm season of 2022, the O3 comprehensive meteorological conditions were the worst, which was the main reason for the heaviest O3 pollution in Shaanxi in 2022. So the O3 concentration in Shaanxi increased by 8.1% in 2022 compared to that in the previous year, and meteorological conditions contributed 7.7% to it. If the emission source remained unchanged, the O3 concentration in Shaanxi during the warm season of 2020 should have increased by 4.4% compared to that in 2019, but the observed O3 concentration decreased by 5.3%, which fully reflects the positive effects of regional air pollution control. The O3 comprehensive meteorological conditions in northern Shaanxi were the worst, but the O3 concentration in Guanzhong Region was the highest, which was mainly related to the high emissions of O3 precursors and regional transport in Guanzhong Region. In the warm season of 2023, the concentration of O3 in Shaanxi was mainly affected by precursor NOx, and the contribution of external transport was greater than local contribution. The main transport pathway was the southeast path, along which Henan and Hubei provinces had the greatest impact on the O3 transport in Shaanxi, contributing 6% and 4%, respectively.
Based on the data from meteorological and environmental monitoring stations, O3 meteorological condition evaluation index, O3 source apportionment products, GDAS and other data, combined with HYSPLIT model and other methods, the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of O3 pollution in Shaanxi Province from May to October (warm season) in 2019-2023 are analyzed. The impact of meteorological conditions on the changes of O3 concentration is quantitatively evaluated. At the same time, the contributions of local source, transport and different precursors to O3 pollution are quantitatively separated. Finally, the transport path of O3 pollution is explored. The results show that in the warm season of 2022, O3 pollution in Shaanxi was the heaviest, while in 2020 the pollution was the lightest. The O3 concentration showed a typical unimodal pattern in monthly and daily variations, with monthly peak occurring in June, daily peak appearing from 15:00 BT to 16:00 BT and daily minimum value at 07:00 BT. The O3 pollution in Guanzhong Region was the heaviest, mainly concentrated in the inner layer of the trumpet mouth terrain, whilst the O3 pollution was the lightest in southern Shaanxi. During the warm season of 2022, the O3 comprehensive meteorological conditions were the worst, which was the main reason for the heaviest O3 pollution in Shaanxi in 2022. So the O3 concentration in Shaanxi increased by 8.1% in 2022 compared to that in the previous year, and meteorological conditions contributed 7.7% to it. If the emission source remained unchanged, the O3 concentration in Shaanxi during the warm season of 2020 should have increased by 4.4% compared to that in 2019, but the observed O3 concentration decreased by 5.3%, which fully reflects the positive effects of regional air pollution control. The O3 comprehensive meteorological conditions in northern Shaanxi were the worst, but the O3 concentration in Guanzhong Region was the highest, which was mainly related to the high emissions of O3 precursors and regional transport in Guanzhong Region. In the warm season of 2023, the concentration of O3 in Shaanxi was mainly affected by precursor NOx, and the contribution of external transport was greater than local contribution. The main transport pathway was the southeast path, along which Henan and Hubei provinces had the greatest impact on the O3 transport in Shaanxi, contributing 6% and 4%, respectively.
WANG Yong
,
ZHANG Tianyu
,
LI Yonghua
,
HUANG Yujie
,
ZUO Yanli
,
ZHANG Ji
,
ZHANG Fen
,
KANG Jun
,
XIE Chengjun
,
ZHENG Ziqian
2026, 52(2):216-230.
DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2025.090901
Abstract:
Calculating the value of climate ecological products based on climate resources is an important branch of the accounting system of gross ecosystem product (GEP). It is of a great scientific value in solving the bottleneck of the system of “difficult to measure and difficult to mortgage” of climate resources, and also of a key scientific significance in promoting the asset-based management of climate resources and realizing the value of ecological products. In this study, Fengjie County in Chongqing Municipality is taken as a case to explore the construction of a gross climate ecosystem product (GEPC) accounting system from the perspective of the contribution of climate to ecological products. Utilizing meteorological, ecological environment and socio-economic data, we establish an accounting framework of 12 specific indexes containing the three major functions of climate supply products, climate regulation services, and climate cultural services, and meanwhile systematically assess the value of climate ecological products in Fengjie County in 2019-2023. The results show that the annual mean value of GEPC in Fengjie County in 2019-2023 is 17.17 billion yuan, accounting for 48% of GDP, and the structural characteristics are dominated by “climate regulation” (the value of climate regulation services 57.0%> the value of climate supply products 38.6%> the value of climate cultural services 4.4%). The interannual fluctuation of GEPC is from 13.92 billion yuan to 20.95 billion yuan, with the peak-value year (2023) being 1.5 times the lowest-value years (2019). The ratio of GEPC to GDP in Fengjie County ranges from 0.36 to 0.56 in 2019-2023 and the mean value is 0.48. With reference to the Green Gold Index, this ratio reflects to some extent the dynamic coupling of the transformation of the value of climatic resources and the level of economic development. Fengjie County has a per capita GEPC of about 16 000 yuan·person-1 and a unit area GEPC of about 4 million yuan·km-2, which is a big gap agaist Anji County in Zhejiang Province. This study is a typical case of calculating the value of climate ecosystem products under the mode of “climate factor-service function-economic value” developed under the framework of GEP. This can provide an important reference for calculating the value of climate ecological products in other regions of the country, and can also provide important decision-making support in the fields of climate investment and financing, and the development of industries related to climate ecological products.
Calculating the value of climate ecological products based on climate resources is an important branch of the accounting system of gross ecosystem product (GEP). It is of a great scientific value in solving the bottleneck of the system of “difficult to measure and difficult to mortgage” of climate resources, and also of a key scientific significance in promoting the asset-based management of climate resources and realizing the value of ecological products. In this study, Fengjie County in Chongqing Municipality is taken as a case to explore the construction of a gross climate ecosystem product (GEPC) accounting system from the perspective of the contribution of climate to ecological products. Utilizing meteorological, ecological environment and socio-economic data, we establish an accounting framework of 12 specific indexes containing the three major functions of climate supply products, climate regulation services, and climate cultural services, and meanwhile systematically assess the value of climate ecological products in Fengjie County in 2019-2023. The results show that the annual mean value of GEPC in Fengjie County in 2019-2023 is 17.17 billion yuan, accounting for 48% of GDP, and the structural characteristics are dominated by “climate regulation” (the value of climate regulation services 57.0%> the value of climate supply products 38.6%> the value of climate cultural services 4.4%). The interannual fluctuation of GEPC is from 13.92 billion yuan to 20.95 billion yuan, with the peak-value year (2023) being 1.5 times the lowest-value years (2019). The ratio of GEPC to GDP in Fengjie County ranges from 0.36 to 0.56 in 2019-2023 and the mean value is 0.48. With reference to the Green Gold Index, this ratio reflects to some extent the dynamic coupling of the transformation of the value of climatic resources and the level of economic development. Fengjie County has a per capita GEPC of about 16 000 yuan·person-1 and a unit area GEPC of about 4 million yuan·km-2, which is a big gap agaist Anji County in Zhejiang Province. This study is a typical case of calculating the value of climate ecosystem products under the mode of “climate factor-service function-economic value” developed under the framework of GEP. This can provide an important reference for calculating the value of climate ecological products in other regions of the country, and can also provide important decision-making support in the fields of climate investment and financing, and the development of industries related to climate ecological products.
2026, 52(2):231-246.
DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2026.011601
Abstract:
The National Climate Centre has made accurate predictions for the flood season in 2025, that is, the principal rain belt in central and eastern China would mainly dwell over the northern regions during the summer months (June to August), with below-normal precipitation in the part south of the Yangtze River. The predictions regarding the monsoon behavior and the progression of rainy season aligned closely with observations. Notably, the prediction correctly indicates an earlier onset, extended duration, exceptionally heavy rainfall during the rainy season in North China, and the relatively severe flooding in the Haihe River Basin and the middle-lower reaches of Yellow River Basin. However, certain shortcomings still existed in the summer precipitation prediction. Firstly, the extremity of precipitation in the northern part of North China was underestimated. Secondly, the precipitation prediction for the Huaihe River Basin deviated from observations. In the updated midsummer (July to August) prediction issued in June 2025, precipitation in central and eastern China was predicted to follow an “above normal over both North and South China, below normal over the Yangtze River Basin” pattern. This prediction anticipated a westward expansion and northward contraction of the primary rain belt in northern China and a northward and westward extension of the secondary rain belt in South China. It also highlighted a reduction of precipitation in the Yangtze River and Huaihe River (Jianghuai) basins and emphasized the likelihood of anomalous conditions at the same time, which was proved to match with the observations. In March 2025, the flood season prediction was made based on objective methods including dynamical models and multi-model ensembles, etc. The application of these methods was guided by evaluating their predictive skills over the past decade. Meanwhile, the combined influence of multiple precursor signals at interdecadal and interannual scales on the East Asian summer monsoon and summer precipitation in China was comprehensively considered and analyzed. As a result, the prediction of the intensified East Asian summer monsoon and the primary rain belt located over northern China in 2025 was successfully worked out. For the midsummer precipitation prediction, the influence of spring Eurasian snow cover was additionally incorporated. In addition to the above analyses, key scientific and technical challenges in flood season prediction are discussed in this paper, along with potential directions for our future efforts.
The National Climate Centre has made accurate predictions for the flood season in 2025, that is, the principal rain belt in central and eastern China would mainly dwell over the northern regions during the summer months (June to August), with below-normal precipitation in the part south of the Yangtze River. The predictions regarding the monsoon behavior and the progression of rainy season aligned closely with observations. Notably, the prediction correctly indicates an earlier onset, extended duration, exceptionally heavy rainfall during the rainy season in North China, and the relatively severe flooding in the Haihe River Basin and the middle-lower reaches of Yellow River Basin. However, certain shortcomings still existed in the summer precipitation prediction. Firstly, the extremity of precipitation in the northern part of North China was underestimated. Secondly, the precipitation prediction for the Huaihe River Basin deviated from observations. In the updated midsummer (July to August) prediction issued in June 2025, precipitation in central and eastern China was predicted to follow an “above normal over both North and South China, below normal over the Yangtze River Basin” pattern. This prediction anticipated a westward expansion and northward contraction of the primary rain belt in northern China and a northward and westward extension of the secondary rain belt in South China. It also highlighted a reduction of precipitation in the Yangtze River and Huaihe River (Jianghuai) basins and emphasized the likelihood of anomalous conditions at the same time, which was proved to match with the observations. In March 2025, the flood season prediction was made based on objective methods including dynamical models and multi-model ensembles, etc. The application of these methods was guided by evaluating their predictive skills over the past decade. Meanwhile, the combined influence of multiple precursor signals at interdecadal and interannual scales on the East Asian summer monsoon and summer precipitation in China was comprehensively considered and analyzed. As a result, the prediction of the intensified East Asian summer monsoon and the primary rain belt located over northern China in 2025 was successfully worked out. For the midsummer precipitation prediction, the influence of spring Eurasian snow cover was additionally incorporated. In addition to the above analyses, key scientific and technical challenges in flood season prediction are discussed in this paper, along with potential directions for our future efforts.
2026, 52(2):247-256.
DOI: 10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2026.012701
Abstract:
In November 2025, the Northern Hemisphere polar vortex exhibited a monopolar pattern that biased towards the Eastern Hemisphere, while the atmospheric circulation in the Eurasian mid-to-high latitudes was characterized by a zonal multi-wave structure. A strengthened Ural blocking high, combined with a westward-extending and intensified subtropical high, facilitated the generation of active autumn typhoons in the Northwest Pacific, where three typhoons formed, with one of them making landfall in China， the two figures both exceeded the climatological average. The national average precipitation in November 2025 was 20 mm, comparable to the historical average of 20.2 mm. Notably, the monthly precipitation in Yunnan, Guizhou, Hunan and Hainan was more than 100 mm, representing a positive anomaly of 0.5 to 2 times the historical average. The national average temperature reached 4.2℃, 0.9℃ above the normal (3.3℃). Moreover, significant warm anomalies of 1-4℃ were observed in Northeast China, North China and the Huanghuai Region, with Liaoning and Hebei experiencing the second-highest average temperatures for this period in history. During this month, three cold air events occurred, including the nationwide cold wave from 17 to 19 November, which was the first cold wave event in the second half of the year and triggered rapid cooling across central and eastern China, with the drop in temperature by 12-14℃ in southern Shaanxi, western Hubei and southern Anhui. During this month, two sand-dust events occurred, 1.4 times more than the average in the same period from 2000 to 2024. Atmospheric diffusion conditions were generally favorable, with only one haze episode in Northeast China and North China in early November. However, central and eastern China experienced three days of foggy weather. In particular, eight provinces： Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu and Hubei， encountered super-dense fog with visibility shortened to below 50 m, causing significant traffic disruptions including the closure of many highways and the suspension of ferry services.
In November 2025, the Northern Hemisphere polar vortex exhibited a monopolar pattern that biased towards the Eastern Hemisphere, while the atmospheric circulation in the Eurasian mid-to-high latitudes was characterized by a zonal multi-wave structure. A strengthened Ural blocking high, combined with a westward-extending and intensified subtropical high, facilitated the generation of active autumn typhoons in the Northwest Pacific, where three typhoons formed, with one of them making landfall in China， the two figures both exceeded the climatological average. The national average precipitation in November 2025 was 20 mm, comparable to the historical average of 20.2 mm. Notably, the monthly precipitation in Yunnan, Guizhou, Hunan and Hainan was more than 100 mm, representing a positive anomaly of 0.5 to 2 times the historical average. The national average temperature reached 4.2℃, 0.9℃ above the normal (3.3℃). Moreover, significant warm anomalies of 1-4℃ were observed in Northeast China, North China and the Huanghuai Region, with Liaoning and Hebei experiencing the second-highest average temperatures for this period in history. During this month, three cold air events occurred, including the nationwide cold wave from 17 to 19 November, which was the first cold wave event in the second half of the year and triggered rapid cooling across central and eastern China, with the drop in temperature by 12-14℃ in southern Shaanxi, western Hubei and southern Anhui. During this month, two sand-dust events occurred, 1.4 times more than the average in the same period from 2000 to 2024. Atmospheric diffusion conditions were generally favorable, with only one haze episode in Northeast China and North China in early November. However, central and eastern China experienced three days of foggy weather. In particular, eight provinces： Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu and Hubei， encountered super-dense fog with visibility shortened to below 50 m, causing significant traffic disruptions including the closure of many highways and the suspension of ferry services.
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ISSN:1000-0526 CN:11-2282/P