Based on the Local Climate Zone (LCZ) framework, this study systematically analyzes the characteristics of temperature differences across various underlying surface types and their response mechanisms to meteorological conditions. Using hourly temperature, wind speed, and precipitation data (2010–2021) from 37 meteorological stations within the Fifth Ring Road of Beijing, combined with field surveys and satellite imagery, the stations were classified into five LCZ types. The results indicate that the main urban area exhibits a temperature gradient dominated by building density. The compact high-rise zone (LCZ 1) serves as a stable heat center, with average temperatures significantly higher than those of vegetated zones. Thermal differences among LCZ types follow a seasonal pattern of intensifying in autumn and winter while weakening in spring and summer, with the most pronounced disparities occurring during winter nights. Furthermore, precipitation significantly reduces thermal differences between LCZs through evaporative cooling, while simultaneously highlighting the dominant role of surface properties. Finally, weak wind conditions favor the maintenance of thermal gradients, whereas strong wind environments promote the homogenization of the temperature field.