As an emerging form of new quality productive forces, the development of low-altitude economy relies heavily on flight operations within non-controlled airspace categories, such as Class G and Class W. This airspace predominantly resides in the lower atmospheric boundary layer, an area highly prones to aviation hazardous weather phenomena like turbulence and wind shear. Meteorological conditions, together with communication, navigation, and surveillance systems, constitute the critical foundational support for the high-quality development of the low-altitude economy. However, there remains a severe deficiency in the high spatiotemporal resolution monitoring and early warning capabilities for aviation hazardous weather within this airspace, posing significant challenges to achieving efficient and safe low-altitude flight operations. To address this, this paper systematically reviews domestic and international research progresses in low-altitude economy meteorology and analyzes the key core challenges currently faced in key scientific and technological domains, including coherent structures in boundary layer turbulence, low-altitude wind shear, monitoring and early warning of turbulence and microbursts, and large eddy simulation. Furthermore, this paper explores several frontier scientific and technological issues in low-altitude meteorology, which include new theoretical frameworks for near-neutral boundary layer turbulence, moist boundary layer processes, development of intelligent meteorological sensing equipment for low-altitude aircraft safety, early warning powered by artificial intelligence for low-altitude aviation hazardous weather, development of intelligent computational fluid dynamics models, and the synergistic optimization of low-altitude meteorological condition and unmanned aerial vehicle path planning. Overall, this study aims to deepen the understanding of the underlying mechanisms governing the interaction between low-altitude aviation hazardous weather and aircraft, and seeks to provide theoretical foundations and technical pathways for enhancing high-precision intelligent sensing, as well as rapid forecasting and early warning capabilities for low-altitude aviation hazardous weather. Ultimately, this work endeavors to deliver crucial meteorological science and technology support for the safety and sustainable development of the low-altitude economy.