This paper briefly reviews recent advances in the observation and modeling of urban weather and climate. Then future prospects for several research avenues are speculated, which include the numerical simulation of urban meteorology, new observation technology and assimilation application, the interaction between observation and numerical simulation, the impact of urbanization on weather and climate, the usage of urban climate resources and the mitigation of urban heat island, and the impact of urbanization on the atmospheric environment and human health. Furthermore, the key scientific questions are raised, e.g. the urban canopy model development, urban hydrological processes and urban precipitation, urban boundary layer and other model physics, and model evaluation, etc.