Abstract:In 2025, the global average surface temperature was 1.40℃ above pre-industrial levels and 0.52℃ above the 1991-2020 average, ranking among the top three warmest years since meteorological records began. The global ocean heat content reached a new record high, while the annual maximum Arctic sea ice extent in March fell to the lowest level in the satellite era. Against such a backdrop, extreme weather and climate events occurred frequently in many parts of the world, leading to serious disaster consequences. Rainstorms and floods severely struck Sudan, Nigeria, Indonesia, Sri Lanka and the Philippines, triggering catastrophic floods and landslides. Extreme heatwaves affected vast regions of North America, East Asia and southern Europe, fueling severe forest fires. In addition, tropical cyclones impacted the Philippines, Vietnam and the Caribbean, severe winter storms gripped North America and East Asia, and moreover, destructive tornados occurred several times in the United States.