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气象:2022,48(12):1617-1628
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登陆台风不同强度降水的雨滴谱特征对比
张庆池,吕翔,刘子贺,李静怡,王珂玮,郭晞
(江苏省徐州市气象局,徐州 221002;江苏省气象局,南京 210008;中国气象局交通气象重点开放实验室,南京 210041)
Comparison of Raindrop Spectrum Characteristics of Rainfall Caused by Two Typhoons
ZHANG Qingchi,LYU Xiang,LIU Zihe,LI Jingyi,WANG Kewei,GUO Xi
(Xuzhou Meteorological Office of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou 221002;Jiangsu Meteorological Service, Nanjing 210008;Key Laboratory of Transportation Meteorology, CMA, Nanjing 210041)
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投稿时间:2021-10-14    修订日期:2022-08-08
中文摘要: 利用江苏省徐州、新沂两站架设的Parsivel第2代激光雨滴谱资料对2018—2019年影响江苏的台风温比亚和利奇马造成的不同阶段降水进行对比分析和研究。结果表明:雨强较小时,以中、小雨滴为主;雨强增大时,大雨滴增多。强降水对应数量较多的大雨滴。“利奇马”降水主要由高浓度的中、小雨滴构成,具有热带台风降水的低质心特征;“温比亚”降水存在浓度较高的大雨滴,回波发展高度高,更偏于温带台风降水特征。两个台风的强降水阶段都对应大的谱宽和雨滴直径,不仅大雨滴多,中、小雨滴也多,在大雨滴处呈多峰现象,符合Gamma分布,表现为对流云降水特征。弱降水阶段“温比亚”谱宽和最大雨滴直径较大,但雨滴平均直径不大,大小雨滴悬殊,基本符合Gamma分布,为混合云降水特征;弱降水阶段“利奇马”谱宽和雨滴直径较小,有更多的小雨滴,平均谱型较平缓,符合Marshall-Palmer分布,为层状云降水特征。两个台风强弱降水时间段的雷达反射剖面图与雨滴谱也有一定对应关系,回波伸展越高,35 dBz有效降水回波越宽广,高空形成更多更大的雨滴,下落的雨滴不断碰并,雨滴数浓度增大,直径增大,弱降水时间段则相反。造成强降水的主要是由大直径雨滴构成的对流云降水,混合云降水也会形成强降水,层状云降水较弱。层状云降水中的中小雨滴数量最多且对降水起主要贡献,对流云降水的中小雨滴数量虽多,但起主要贡献的为更大直径雨滴。“温比亚”强、弱降水阶段的Z-R关系接近一致,降水类型相近,与标准关系相比系数偏小,雷达估测降水偏小。“利奇马”强、弱降水阶段Z-R关系差别较大,属于不同降水类型,与标准关系相比指数偏大,雷达估测降水偏大。标准关系并不适用于不同降水过程,总结适用于各地、各季不同降水类型的Z-R关系很有必要。
Abstract:The second generation laser raindrop spectrum data of Parsivel in Xuzhou and Xinyi in Jiangsu〖JP〗 Province are used to analyze the precipitation in different stages caused by typhoons Rumbia and Lekima from 2018 to 2019. The results are as follows. Small- and medium-sized raindrops are with weak rain intensity and when the intensity increases the diameters of raindrops increase. There are more big raindrops in heavy rain. With much more small and medium raindrops, the “Lekima” precipitation event has the low centroid characteristics of precipitation caused by tropical typhoon. Contrarily, with much more big raindrops, the “Rumbia” precipitation event has the characteristic of precipitation caused by extratropical typhoon. During both of the heavy rain events, there are larger average spectrum widths and diameters of raindrops, higher raindrop concerntration, multi-peaks of large raindrops, which accords with the Gamma distribution, showing characteristics of convective precipitation. Large spectrum width and maximum diameter of raindrops are found in weak rain event casued by “Rumbia”, but the average diameter of raindrops is small and there were great differences between large and small drops in diameter, which basically follows the Gamma distribution, being mixed cloud precipitation. On the contrary, in weak rain event by “Lekima”, there is smaller average spectrum width, raindrop diameter and more small raindrops, and the spectral pattern is smooth, in line with the Marshall-Palmer distribution, which are characterized by stratiform cloud precipitation. The radar reflection profiles of the two-typhoon strong and weak precipitation periods also have a certain corresponding relationship with the raindrop spectrum. The higher the echo extension, the wider the 35 dBz effective precipitation echo, and more and larger raindrops are formed at high altitudes. The falling raindrops continue to collide and merge, and with the increase of the number of raindrops, the diameter increases, and the opposite is true for the weak precipitation period. Heavy rain is mainly caused by convective cloud containing more large raindrops, and also by mixed cloud. Small and medium raindrops in mixed cloud precipitation contribute most both in number and precipitation. Although there are more small and medium raindrops in convective cloud precipitation, the raindrops with larger diameters are the major contributors. Compared with the empirical relations, the typhoon precipitation derived from the actual index of Z-R relationship might be underestimated or overestimated. The empirical relations are not applicable to different types of precipitation. It is necessary to summarize the Z-R relationship applicable to different precipitation types in different places and seasons.
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基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目(41805038)、江苏省自然科学基金项目(BK20171095)和江苏省气象局预报员专项(JSYBY201905)共同资助
引用文本:
张庆池,吕翔,刘子贺,李静怡,王珂玮,郭晞,2022.登陆台风不同强度降水的雨滴谱特征对比[J].气象,48(12):1617-1628.
ZHANG Qingchi,LYU Xiang,LIU Zihe,LI Jingyi,WANG Kewei,GUO Xi,2022.Comparison of Raindrop Spectrum Characteristics of Rainfall Caused by Two Typhoons[J].Meteor Mon,48(12):1617-1628.